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Sporun Yaşam Becerilerine Etkisi Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 74 - 86, 23.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.360711

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Cronin ve Allen (2017) tarafından geliştirilen
“Sporun Yaşam Becerilerine Etkisi Ölçeği (SYBEÖ)”ni Türkçeye uyarlayarak
sporun yaşam becerilerine katkısını belirleyemeye olanak sağlayan bir tanı
aracı elde etmektir.

Yöntem: Bu amaç doğrultusunda ölçek maddeleri Türkçeye çevrildikten
sonra tekrar İngilizceye çevirisi yapılmıştır. Daha sonra çeviriler arasındaki
tutarlılık incelenmiş, herhangi bir anlam kaybı olmadığı görüldükten sonra
43 madde ve sekiz alt boyuttan oluşan orijinal ölçek düzenli spor yapan 482
sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği ve güvenilirliğini sınamak için iç
tutarlılık katsayısı (Cronbach’s α) ve Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) işlemleri
yapılmıştır.

Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, ölçek özgün hali ile karşılaştırıldığında
uyarlanan ölçek maddelerinin faktör boyutundaki dağılımlarında farklılık
olduğu tespit edilmiştir. AFA’dan elde edilen bulgular, uyarlanan ölçeğin
yedi alt boyut ve toplam 31 maddeden oluştuğu ve faktör yapısının da
kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir. Güvenirlik çalışması
kapsamında iç tutarlık katsayısı .92 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Test–tekrar test
güvenirlik çalışması için hesaplanan Pearson Momentler Çarpımı
Korelasyon katsayısının (r=.89) da yüksek düzeyde ve anlamlı olduğu
belirlenmiştir.

Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Sonuç olarak uyarlanan ölçek, Türk kültüründe
kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir araçtır.

References

  • Baş, T. (2005). Anket nasıl hazırlanır, uygulanır, değerlendirilir? 3. basım, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. S, 193.
  • Bayram, N. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri Analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. S.124.
  • Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405-410.
  • Brunelle, J., Danish, S. J., & Forneris, T. (2007). The impact of a sport-based life skill program on adolescent prosocial values. Applied Developmental Science, 11(1), 43-55.
  • Burton, D., Naylor, S., & Holliday, B. (2001). Goal setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & C. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology, pp. 497-528.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. 4. basım, Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık. S,120.
  • Botvin, G. J. & Griffin, K. W. (2004). Life skills training: Empirical findings and future directions. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 25:211–232. doi: 10.1023/B:JOPP.0000042391.58573.5b.
  • Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9),1147-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254596
  • Bryman, A,, & Cramer, D. (1999). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 8 for Windows. Taylor& Francis e-Library, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Pegem A Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Camire, M., Trudel, P., & Forneris, T. (2009). High school athletes' perspectives on support, communication, negotiation and life skill development. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1(1), 72-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19398440802673275.
  • Cashmore, E. (2008). Sport and exercise psychology: The key concepts (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. PMC id:PMC2442434.
  • Claessens, B. J., VanEerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of time management literature. Personnel Review, 36(2), 255-276.
  • Chou, S.C., Boldy, D.P., & Lee, A.H. (2002). Measuring job satisfaction in residential aged care. International journal for healthcare, 14(1), 49-54.
  • Cronin, L. D., & Allen, J. (2017). Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 28, 105-119.
  • Cronin, L. D., & Allen, J. (2015). Developmental experiences and well-being in sport: The importance of the coaching climate. The Sport Psychologist, 29, 62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0045.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik-spss ve lisrel uygulamaları. Pegem akademi yayınları, Ankara.
  • Danish, S. J., Forneris, T., Hodge, K., & Heke, I. (2004). Enhancing youth development through sport. World Leisure, 3, 38-49.
  • Danish, S. J., Forneris, T., & Wallace, I. (2005). Sport-based life skills programming in the schools. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21(2), 41-62.
  • Erkuş, A. (2003). Psikometri Üzerine Yazılar. Türk Psikologlar Derneği, Ankara. No:24.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. SAGE Press, London.
  • Flett, M. R., Gould, D., & Lauer, L. (2012). A Study of an Underserved Youth Sports Program Using the Youth Program Quality Assessment. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(3), 275-289. DOI: 10.1080/10413200.2011.641061
  • Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding adolescents' positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 3-23.
  • Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2010). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviours and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 7, 298-314.
  • Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: current status and future directions, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1:1, 58-78, DOI: 10.1080/17509840701834573
  • Gould, D., Collins, K., Lauer, L., & Chung, Y. (2007). Coaching life skills through football: a study of award winning high school coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 16-37.
  • Gould, D., Flett, R., & Lauer, L. (2012). The relationship between psychosocial developmental and the sports climate experienced by underserved youth. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 80-87
  • Hambleton, R.K. & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided an guidlines for improving test adaptation practies 1,2. (online). Web: http//www.testpublishers.org.journal.html.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11, 147-160.
  • Hansen, D. M., & Larson, R. W. (2007). Amplifiers of developmental and negative experiences in organized activities: Dosage, motivation, leadroles, and adult youth ratios. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 360-374.
  • Hellison, D., Martinek, T., & Walsh, D. (2008). Sport and responsible leadership among youth. In N. L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport (pp. 49-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Awrene Erlbaum Associatees
  • Hodge, K., & Danish, S. (1999). Promoting life skills for adolescent males through sport. In A. M. Horne, & M. S. Kiselica (Eds.), Handbook of counseling boys and adolescent males: A practitioner's guide (pp. 55-71). Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  • Holt, N. L. (2007). An ethnographic study of positive youth development on a high school soccer team. In Paper presented at society for research in child development conference, Boston, MA.
  • Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Tink, L. N., &. Black, D. E. (2009). An interpretive analysis of life skills associated with sport participation. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports and Exercise, 1(2), 160-75.
  • Holt, N. L., Tink, L. N., Mandigo, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2008). Do youth learn life skills through their involvement in high school sport? A case study. Canadian Journal of Education, 31(2), 281-304.
  • Humphrey, N., Kalambouka, A., Wigelsworth, M., Lendrum, A., Deighton, J., & Wolpert, M. (2011). Measures of social and emotional skills for children and young people: A systematic review. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(4), 617-637.
  • Jones, M. L., Dunn, J. G., Holt, N. L., Sullivan, P. J., & Bloom, G. A. (2011). Exploring the ‘5Cs’ of positive youth development in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 250-267.
  • Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
  • Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (2000). LISREL [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software, Inc.
  • Larson, R.W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170-183.
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1984). Goal setting: A motivational technique that works! Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. PMC id:PMC1454867.
  • MacDonald, D. J., Côté, J., Eys, M., & Deakin, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the youth experience survey with young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,13, 332-340.
  • Marsh, H. W. (1992). Extracurricular activities: Beneficial extension of the traditional curriculum or subversion of academic goals? Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(4), 553-562.
  • Nunally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw – Hill publication. III. Edition.
  • Öner, N. (1987). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlamasında bir yöntem bilim modeli. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(21), 80-83.
  • Papacharisis, V., Goudas, M., Danish, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2005). The effectiveness of teaching a life skills program in a sport context. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 247-254.
  • Rubin, R. B., & Morreale, S. P. (1996). Setting expectations for speech communication and listening. In E. A. Jones (Ed.), Preparing competent college graduates: Setting new and higher expectations for student learning. New Directions for Higher Education, 96, 19-29.
  • Savaşır, I. (1994). Ölçek uyarlamasındaki bazı sorunlar ve çözüm yolları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(9), 27-32.
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Spss ve lisrel ile pratik veri analizi. 2. baskı, Anı yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Strachan, L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2011). A new view: Exploring positive youth development in elite sport contexts. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 3(1), 9-32.
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, (6th International edition cover edn), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, New Jersey.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi. Nobel Akademi, Ankara.
  • Theokas, C., Danish, S., Hodge, K., Heke, I., & Forneris, T. (2008). Enhancing life skills through sport for children and youth. In N. L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport. pp. 71-81.
  • Vella, S. A., Oades, L. G., & Crowe, T. P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(5), 549-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726976.
  • World Health Organization. (1999). Partners in life skills education: Conclusions for a United Nations inter-agency meeting. Retrieved from the World Health Organisation website: http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/30.pdf.

Adaptation of Life Skills Scale for Sports into the Turkish Culture

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 74 - 86, 23.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.360711

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to obtain a diagnostic tool that can be used to determine the contribution of sports to life skills by adapting the "Life Skills Scale for Sport" developed by Cronin and Allen (2017) into the Turkish culture.

Design & Methodology: For this purpose, the scale items were translated into Turkish and then translated into English back. Subsequently, the consistency between back translation and the original version was evaluated. When it was found that there was not any semantic loss, the original scale consisting of 43 items and 8 sub-dimensions was applied to 482 athletes who perform regular exercise. Internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's α) and Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to test the construct validity and reliability.

Findings: As a result of the analyses, a difference was observed in the factor distributions of the adapted questionnaire items, compared to the original version of the questionnaire. The findings that were obtained from the EFA show that the adapted questionnaire consists of seven factors and 31 items has an acceptable factor structure. In the scope of the reliability study, internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .92. Pearson Moments Correlation Coefficient (r=.82) calculated for test-retest reliability study was found to be high and significant, too.

Implications & Suggestions: As a result, the adapted questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for the Turkish culture.

References

  • Baş, T. (2005). Anket nasıl hazırlanır, uygulanır, değerlendirilir? 3. basım, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. S, 193.
  • Bayram, N. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri Analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. S.124.
  • Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405-410.
  • Brunelle, J., Danish, S. J., & Forneris, T. (2007). The impact of a sport-based life skill program on adolescent prosocial values. Applied Developmental Science, 11(1), 43-55.
  • Burton, D., Naylor, S., & Holliday, B. (2001). Goal setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & C. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology, pp. 497-528.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. 4. basım, Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık. S,120.
  • Botvin, G. J. & Griffin, K. W. (2004). Life skills training: Empirical findings and future directions. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 25:211–232. doi: 10.1023/B:JOPP.0000042391.58573.5b.
  • Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9),1147-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203254596
  • Bryman, A,, & Cramer, D. (1999). Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 8 for Windows. Taylor& Francis e-Library, Routledge, London and New York.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Pegem A Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Camire, M., Trudel, P., & Forneris, T. (2009). High school athletes' perspectives on support, communication, negotiation and life skill development. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 1(1), 72-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19398440802673275.
  • Cashmore, E. (2008). Sport and exercise psychology: The key concepts (2nd ed.). London, UK: Routledge. PMC id:PMC2442434.
  • Claessens, B. J., VanEerde, W., Rutte, C. G., & Roe, R. A. (2007). A review of time management literature. Personnel Review, 36(2), 255-276.
  • Chou, S.C., Boldy, D.P., & Lee, A.H. (2002). Measuring job satisfaction in residential aged care. International journal for healthcare, 14(1), 49-54.
  • Cronin, L. D., & Allen, J. (2017). Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 28, 105-119.
  • Cronin, L. D., & Allen, J. (2015). Developmental experiences and well-being in sport: The importance of the coaching climate. The Sport Psychologist, 29, 62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0045.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik-spss ve lisrel uygulamaları. Pegem akademi yayınları, Ankara.
  • Danish, S. J., Forneris, T., Hodge, K., & Heke, I. (2004). Enhancing youth development through sport. World Leisure, 3, 38-49.
  • Danish, S. J., Forneris, T., & Wallace, I. (2005). Sport-based life skills programming in the schools. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21(2), 41-62.
  • Erkuş, A. (2003). Psikometri Üzerine Yazılar. Türk Psikologlar Derneği, Ankara. No:24.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. SAGE Press, London.
  • Flett, M. R., Gould, D., & Lauer, L. (2012). A Study of an Underserved Youth Sports Program Using the Youth Program Quality Assessment. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(3), 275-289. DOI: 10.1080/10413200.2011.641061
  • Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2009). Understanding adolescents' positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23, 3-23.
  • Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2010). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviours and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 7, 298-314.
  • Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2008). Life skills development through sport: current status and future directions, International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1:1, 58-78, DOI: 10.1080/17509840701834573
  • Gould, D., Collins, K., Lauer, L., & Chung, Y. (2007). Coaching life skills through football: a study of award winning high school coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19(1), 16-37.
  • Gould, D., Flett, R., & Lauer, L. (2012). The relationship between psychosocial developmental and the sports climate experienced by underserved youth. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(1), 80-87
  • Hambleton, R.K. & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided an guidlines for improving test adaptation practies 1,2. (online). Web: http//www.testpublishers.org.journal.html.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11, 147-160.
  • Hansen, D. M., & Larson, R. W. (2007). Amplifiers of developmental and negative experiences in organized activities: Dosage, motivation, leadroles, and adult youth ratios. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 360-374.
  • Hellison, D., Martinek, T., & Walsh, D. (2008). Sport and responsible leadership among youth. In N. L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport (pp. 49-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Awrene Erlbaum Associatees
  • Hodge, K., & Danish, S. (1999). Promoting life skills for adolescent males through sport. In A. M. Horne, & M. S. Kiselica (Eds.), Handbook of counseling boys and adolescent males: A practitioner's guide (pp. 55-71). Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
  • Holt, N. L. (2007). An ethnographic study of positive youth development on a high school soccer team. In Paper presented at society for research in child development conference, Boston, MA.
  • Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Tink, L. N., &. Black, D. E. (2009). An interpretive analysis of life skills associated with sport participation. Journal of Qualitative Research in Sports and Exercise, 1(2), 160-75.
  • Holt, N. L., Tink, L. N., Mandigo, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2008). Do youth learn life skills through their involvement in high school sport? A case study. Canadian Journal of Education, 31(2), 281-304.
  • Humphrey, N., Kalambouka, A., Wigelsworth, M., Lendrum, A., Deighton, J., & Wolpert, M. (2011). Measures of social and emotional skills for children and young people: A systematic review. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(4), 617-637.
  • Jones, M. L., Dunn, J. G., Holt, N. L., Sullivan, P. J., & Bloom, G. A. (2011). Exploring the ‘5Cs’ of positive youth development in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(3), 250-267.
  • Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Erez, A., & Locke, E. A. (2005). Core self-evaluations and job and life satisfaction: The role of self-concordance and goal attainment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 257-268.
  • Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (2000). LISREL [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software, Inc.
  • Larson, R.W. (2000). Toward a psychology of positive youth development. American Psychologist, 55(1), 170-183.
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1984). Goal setting: A motivational technique that works! Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. PMC id:PMC1454867.
  • MacDonald, D. J., Côté, J., Eys, M., & Deakin, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the youth experience survey with young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,13, 332-340.
  • Marsh, H. W. (1992). Extracurricular activities: Beneficial extension of the traditional curriculum or subversion of academic goals? Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(4), 553-562.
  • Nunally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw – Hill publication. III. Edition.
  • Öner, N. (1987). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlamasında bir yöntem bilim modeli. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(21), 80-83.
  • Papacharisis, V., Goudas, M., Danish, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2005). The effectiveness of teaching a life skills program in a sport context. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 247-254.
  • Rubin, R. B., & Morreale, S. P. (1996). Setting expectations for speech communication and listening. In E. A. Jones (Ed.), Preparing competent college graduates: Setting new and higher expectations for student learning. New Directions for Higher Education, 96, 19-29.
  • Savaşır, I. (1994). Ölçek uyarlamasındaki bazı sorunlar ve çözüm yolları. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(9), 27-32.
  • Seçer, İ. (2015). Spss ve lisrel ile pratik veri analizi. 2. baskı, Anı yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Strachan, L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2011). A new view: Exploring positive youth development in elite sport contexts. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 3(1), 9-32.
  • Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics, (6th International edition cover edn), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, New Jersey.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi. Nobel Akademi, Ankara.
  • Theokas, C., Danish, S., Hodge, K., Heke, I., & Forneris, T. (2008). Enhancing life skills through sport for children and youth. In N. L. Holt (Ed.), Positive youth development through sport. pp. 71-81.
  • Vella, S. A., Oades, L. G., & Crowe, T. P. (2013). The relationship between coach leadership, the coach athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 18(5), 549-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.726976.
  • World Health Organization. (1999). Partners in life skills education: Conclusions for a United Nations inter-agency meeting. Retrieved from the World Health Organisation website: http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/30.pdf.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Manuscripts
Authors

Serkan Düz 0000-0001-7611-4838

Mahmut Açak This is me

Publication Date May 23, 2018
Submission Date December 3, 2017
Acceptance Date May 23, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Düz, S., & Açak, M. (2018). Sporun Yaşam Becerilerine Etkisi Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(9), 74-86. https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.360711

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