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Türk- Alman Sosyoekonomik İlişkilerinde Ulus-Ötesi Göçmenlerin Önemi

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 25 - 46, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1078843

Abstract

Çok eski geçmişe sahip olan Türk-Alman sosyoekonomik ilişkileri son yıllarda Almanya ile Türkiye arasında artan ulus-ötesi göçmen akışı sayesinde önemli bir ivme kazanmış durum-da.
Almanya da yaşayan nitelikli Türk veya Türk kökenli Almanlar bu gelişmenin en önemli sosyal sermayesini oluşturmaktadırlar. Üretim maliyetlerini düşürmek için üretim merkez-lerini Doğu Avrupa ülkelerine taşıyan Alman şirketlerin Türkiye’yi seçmelerinde, Almanya da sosyalleşmiş, eğitim almış, Alman iş anlayışına alışık fakat aynı zamanda Türk kültürü-ne de yabancı olmayan bu ulus-ötesi göçmenler, her iki ülkede sahip oldukları ulus-ötesi alanlar ve sosyoekonomik ağlar sayesinde, önemli bir tercih nedeni oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı bu nitelikli ulus-ötesi göçmenlerin Türkiye ile Almanya arasında artan sosyoekonomik ilişkilere nasıl katkı sağladıklarını ilgili literatürden elde edilen veriler ışı-ğında görünür hale getirmek ve bu alanda ihtiyaç duyulan akademik çalışmalara dikkat çekmektir.

References

  • Abadan-Unat, N. (2005): Migration ohne Ende: Vom Gastarbeiter zum Eurotürken. Berlin: Parabolis
  • Akbaş, E. (2010). Berlin’de yaşayan Türk toplumu arasındaki dayanışma ilişkileri ve sosyal hizmetlerin sivil oluşumu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Hizmet Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara
  • Al-Ali, N., Black, R., Koser, K. (2001). The limits to 'transnationalism': Bosnian and Erit-rean refugees in Europe as emerging transnational communities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4), 578-600. DOI: 10.1080/01419870120049798.
  • Alkan, M. N. (2012), Transmigranten als eine Bereicherung in den deutsch‐türkischen Wis-senschaftsbeziehungen, Esen E, Gümüş B (Hrsg.), Deutschland und die Türkei. Band I. Aktu‐ elle Aspekte Deutsch‐Türkischer Wissenschaftskooperation, S. 169‐180
  • Alman-Türk Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasi (AHK) [The German-Turkish Chamber of Industry and Commerce]. (2015). Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) Wirtschaftsbericht Turkei 2015 € [GTAI economic report Turkey] [online]. Accessed July 16, 2015, http://www.dtr-ihk. de/landesinfo/wirtschaftsberichte/gtai-wirtschaftsbericht-tuerkei-2015/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022
  • Auswärtiges Amt [Federal Foreign Office]. (2015). Beziehungen zu Deutschland [Relations to Germany] [online]. Accessed July 16, 2015, from http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/ Startseite_node.html. Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022
  • Avcı, G., & Kirisci, K. (2008). Turkey’s immigration and emigration dilemmas at the gate of the European Union. In S. Castles & R. D. Wise (Eds.), Migration and develop-ment: Perspectives from the South (pp. 203–251). Geneva: IOM.
  • Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N., Szanton-Blanc C. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Lang-horne, PA: Gordon and Breach.
  • Castles, S., Miller M. J. (1993). The Age of Migration. 1st Edition International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Macmillan.
  • Cyrus, N. (2000). Mobile Migrationsmuster. Zuwanderung aus Polen in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: Berliner Debatte - Initial. Heft 516: 95-103.
  • Çağlar, A.S. (2001) “Constraining metaphors and the transnationalisation of spaces in Ber-lin”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 601-613. DOI: 10.1080/13691830120090403
  • Ebner, A., & Wösten, B. (2013). Transnationales Unternehmertum in Frankfurt am Main: Profile, Bedingungen und Handlungspotentiale.
  • Escobar, A., Hailbronner, K., Martin, P., & Meza, L. (2006). Migration and development: Mexico and Turkey. International Migration Review, 40(3), 707–718.
  • Faist, T. (1999). Developing transnational social spaces: the Turkish–German example, In L. Pries (Ed.), Migration and Transnational Social Spaces (pp. 39-69). Aldershot: Ashgate,
  • Fürstenau, Sara/Niedrig, Heike (2007): Transnationale Migration und Jugend. In: Joh-ler/Schmidl Thiol (2007): 109-127. Gümüş, B. (2015). Türkiyeli ve Almanyalı Türk Siyaset Bilimcilerinin Türk-Alman Bilim-sel İlişkilerine Katkıları. ALMANYA ve TÜRKİYE–CİLT III, 536.
  • Ha, Kien Nghi (1999). Ethnizität und Migration. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.
  • Halm, D., & Thränhardt, D. (2009). Der transnationale Raum Deutschland–Türkei [Transna-tional space Germany—Turkey]. ApuZ, 39–40, 33–38.
  • Hartmann, D. et al. (2012): Identifizierung und Analyse deutschtürkischer Innovations-netzwerke: Erste Ergebnisse des TGIN-Projektes, FZID Discussion Paper, No. 54-2012, Universität Hohenheim, Forschungszentrum Innovation und Dienstleistung (FZID), Stuttgart,
  • Kaya, A. (2015). Euro-Türkler, Kuşaklararası Farklılıklar, İslam Ve Entegrasyon Tartışma-ları. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 44-79.
  • Kivisto, P. (2001). Theorizing transnational immigration: a critical review of current ef-forts. Ethnic and racial studies, 24(4), 549-577.
  • Kuznetsov, Y. (2007): Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad, WBI, Development Studies, World Bank
  • Levitt P (2001) The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley: University of California Press
  • Levitt, P., Glick-Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social field perspective on societ. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002-1039. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x
  • Lima, A. "Transnasyonalizm: Yeni Bir Göçmen Entegrasyonu Modu." Massachusetts Üni-versitesi, Boston, 17 Eylül 2010
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaoucı, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. E. (1993) Theo-ries of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Develop-ment Review, 19 (3), 431-466
  • Massey, D. S. (1999). International migration at the dawn of the twenty‐first century: The role of the state. Population and development review, 25(2), 303-322.
  • Mayer-Ahuja, N. (2011). Grenzen der Homogenisierung: IT-Arbeit zwischen ortsgebunde-ner Regulierung und transnationaler Unternehmensstrategie [Limits of homogeniza-tion: IT-Labor between conventional fixed regulation and transnational corporate strategy]. Frankfurt: Campus.
  • Ong, A., Nonini, D., Godley, M.R. (Eds.) (1997) Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Poli-tics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism. New York: Routledge
  • Özcan, E. (2017) “Çağdaş Göç Teorileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. İş ve Hayat Dergisi: Ekonomi Hukuk ve Sosyal Politika, 4, 183-215.
  • Özkul, D. (2012). Transnational migration research. Sociopedia. isa, 1-12.
  • Portes, A. G. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical convergencies and empirical evidence in the study of immigrant transnationalism. International Migration Review, 37(3), 874-892. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2003.tb00161
  • Pries, L. (2005). Configurations of geographic and societal spaces: A sociological proposal between 'methodological nationalism' and the 'spaces of flows. Global Networks, 5(2), 167-190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00113.
  • Pries, L., & Sezgin, Z. (Eds.). (2012). Cross-border migrant organizations in comparative perspective. Houndmills: Palgrave.
  • Saxenian A. (2006): The new Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy, Camb-ridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006
  • Saxenian, A. (2005): From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China, Comparative International Develop-ment, Vol. 40, 35-61Skrbıš, Z. (1999). Long-Distance Nationalism. Alders-hot: Ashgate.
  • Skrbiš, Z. (1999) Long-Distance Nationalism, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Smith MP (2005) Transnational urbanism revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Stu-dies 31: 235–44
  • Stahl, S. (2011). Selbstorganisation von Migranten im deutschen Vereinssport: eine sozio-logische Annäherung. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.
  • Schiller, N. G., Basch, L., & Blanc, C. S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theori-zing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63.
  • Sternberg, R. and Müller, C. (2007) The New Argonauts: Their Local and International Lin-kages and Their Impact on Regional Growth – Empirical Evidence from Transnatio-nal Entrepreneurs Returning to Shanghai/China, DIME WP 2.3 Workshop, Max-Planck Institute for Economics, Jena, Germany
  • Topçu C. (2021)Deutsch-türkische Unternehmer: Erfolgreiche Selbstständige. https://www.deutschland.de (Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2022)
  • Vertovec, S./Cohen, R. (Hrsg.) (1999): Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. Chel-tenhamlNorthharnpton: Edward Elger.
  • Voigt-Graf, C. (2004). Towards a geography of transnational spaces: Indian transnational communities in Australia. Global Networks, 4(1), 25–49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2004.00079.
  • Voigt-Graf, C. (2005). The construction of transnational spaces by Indian migrants in Aust-ralia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 365-384. DOI: 10.1080/1369183042000339972
  • Wahlbeck, O. (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Com-munities. London: Macmillan.
  • Weima, Y. (2017)“Mapping Transnasyonalism Research Report: Refuguee Repatriation and Ongoing Transnationalisms”. Transnational Social Review, 7 (1),113-117.

Türk- Alman Sosyoekonomik İlişkilerinde Ulus-Ötesi Göçmenlerin Önemi

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 25 - 46, 31.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1078843

Abstract

Çok eski geçmişe sahip olan Türk-Alman sosyoekonomik ilişkileri son yıllarda Almanya ile Türkiye arasında artan ulus-ötesi göçmen akışı sayesinde önemli bir ivme kazanmış durum-da.
Almanya da yaşayan nitelikli Türk veya Türk kökenli Almanlar bu gelişmenin en önemli sosyal sermayesini oluşturmaktadırlar. Üretim maliyetlerini düşürmek için üretim merkezlerini Doğu Avrupa ülkelerine taşıyan Alman şirketlerin Türkiyeyi seçmelerinde, Almanya da sosyalleşmiş, eğitim almış, Alman iş anlayışına alışık fakat aynı zamanda Türk kültürü-ne de yabancı olmayan bu ulus-ötesi göçmenler, her iki ülkede sahip oldukları ulus-ötesi alanlar ve sosyoekonomik ağlar sayesinde, önemli bir tercih nedeni oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı bu nitelikli ulus-ötesi göçmenlerin Türkiye ile Almanya arasında artan sosyoekonomik ilişkilere nasıl katkı sağladıklarını ilgili literatürden elde edilen veriler ışığında görünür hale getirmek ve bu alanda ihtiyaç duyulan akademik çalışmalara dikkat çekmektir.

References

  • Abadan-Unat, N. (2005): Migration ohne Ende: Vom Gastarbeiter zum Eurotürken. Berlin: Parabolis
  • Akbaş, E. (2010). Berlin’de yaşayan Türk toplumu arasındaki dayanışma ilişkileri ve sosyal hizmetlerin sivil oluşumu. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Hizmet Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Ankara
  • Al-Ali, N., Black, R., Koser, K. (2001). The limits to 'transnationalism': Bosnian and Erit-rean refugees in Europe as emerging transnational communities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24(4), 578-600. DOI: 10.1080/01419870120049798.
  • Alkan, M. N. (2012), Transmigranten als eine Bereicherung in den deutsch‐türkischen Wis-senschaftsbeziehungen, Esen E, Gümüş B (Hrsg.), Deutschland und die Türkei. Band I. Aktu‐ elle Aspekte Deutsch‐Türkischer Wissenschaftskooperation, S. 169‐180
  • Alman-Türk Ticaret ve Sanayi Odasi (AHK) [The German-Turkish Chamber of Industry and Commerce]. (2015). Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) Wirtschaftsbericht Turkei 2015 € [GTAI economic report Turkey] [online]. Accessed July 16, 2015, http://www.dtr-ihk. de/landesinfo/wirtschaftsberichte/gtai-wirtschaftsbericht-tuerkei-2015/ Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022
  • Auswärtiges Amt [Federal Foreign Office]. (2015). Beziehungen zu Deutschland [Relations to Germany] [online]. Accessed July 16, 2015, from http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/ Startseite_node.html. Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022
  • Avcı, G., & Kirisci, K. (2008). Turkey’s immigration and emigration dilemmas at the gate of the European Union. In S. Castles & R. D. Wise (Eds.), Migration and develop-ment: Perspectives from the South (pp. 203–251). Geneva: IOM.
  • Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N., Szanton-Blanc C. (1994). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Lang-horne, PA: Gordon and Breach.
  • Castles, S., Miller M. J. (1993). The Age of Migration. 1st Edition International Population Movements in the Modern World. London: Macmillan.
  • Cyrus, N. (2000). Mobile Migrationsmuster. Zuwanderung aus Polen in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In: Berliner Debatte - Initial. Heft 516: 95-103.
  • Çağlar, A.S. (2001) “Constraining metaphors and the transnationalisation of spaces in Ber-lin”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 601-613. DOI: 10.1080/13691830120090403
  • Ebner, A., & Wösten, B. (2013). Transnationales Unternehmertum in Frankfurt am Main: Profile, Bedingungen und Handlungspotentiale.
  • Escobar, A., Hailbronner, K., Martin, P., & Meza, L. (2006). Migration and development: Mexico and Turkey. International Migration Review, 40(3), 707–718.
  • Faist, T. (1999). Developing transnational social spaces: the Turkish–German example, In L. Pries (Ed.), Migration and Transnational Social Spaces (pp. 39-69). Aldershot: Ashgate,
  • Fürstenau, Sara/Niedrig, Heike (2007): Transnationale Migration und Jugend. In: Joh-ler/Schmidl Thiol (2007): 109-127. Gümüş, B. (2015). Türkiyeli ve Almanyalı Türk Siyaset Bilimcilerinin Türk-Alman Bilim-sel İlişkilerine Katkıları. ALMANYA ve TÜRKİYE–CİLT III, 536.
  • Ha, Kien Nghi (1999). Ethnizität und Migration. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot.
  • Halm, D., & Thränhardt, D. (2009). Der transnationale Raum Deutschland–Türkei [Transna-tional space Germany—Turkey]. ApuZ, 39–40, 33–38.
  • Hartmann, D. et al. (2012): Identifizierung und Analyse deutschtürkischer Innovations-netzwerke: Erste Ergebnisse des TGIN-Projektes, FZID Discussion Paper, No. 54-2012, Universität Hohenheim, Forschungszentrum Innovation und Dienstleistung (FZID), Stuttgart,
  • Kaya, A. (2015). Euro-Türkler, Kuşaklararası Farklılıklar, İslam Ve Entegrasyon Tartışma-ları. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 44-79.
  • Kivisto, P. (2001). Theorizing transnational immigration: a critical review of current ef-forts. Ethnic and racial studies, 24(4), 549-577.
  • Kuznetsov, Y. (2007): Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills: How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad, WBI, Development Studies, World Bank
  • Levitt P (2001) The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley: University of California Press
  • Levitt, P., Glick-Schiller, N. (2004). Conceptualizing simultaneity: A transnational social field perspective on societ. International Migration Review, 38(3), 1002-1039. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x
  • Lima, A. "Transnasyonalizm: Yeni Bir Göçmen Entegrasyonu Modu." Massachusetts Üni-versitesi, Boston, 17 Eylül 2010
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaoucı, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J. E. (1993) Theo-ries of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Develop-ment Review, 19 (3), 431-466
  • Massey, D. S. (1999). International migration at the dawn of the twenty‐first century: The role of the state. Population and development review, 25(2), 303-322.
  • Mayer-Ahuja, N. (2011). Grenzen der Homogenisierung: IT-Arbeit zwischen ortsgebunde-ner Regulierung und transnationaler Unternehmensstrategie [Limits of homogeniza-tion: IT-Labor between conventional fixed regulation and transnational corporate strategy]. Frankfurt: Campus.
  • Ong, A., Nonini, D., Godley, M.R. (Eds.) (1997) Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Poli-tics of Modern Chinese Transnationalism. New York: Routledge
  • Özcan, E. (2017) “Çağdaş Göç Teorileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. İş ve Hayat Dergisi: Ekonomi Hukuk ve Sosyal Politika, 4, 183-215.
  • Özkul, D. (2012). Transnational migration research. Sociopedia. isa, 1-12.
  • Portes, A. G. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical convergencies and empirical evidence in the study of immigrant transnationalism. International Migration Review, 37(3), 874-892. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2003.tb00161
  • Pries, L. (2005). Configurations of geographic and societal spaces: A sociological proposal between 'methodological nationalism' and the 'spaces of flows. Global Networks, 5(2), 167-190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00113.
  • Pries, L., & Sezgin, Z. (Eds.). (2012). Cross-border migrant organizations in comparative perspective. Houndmills: Palgrave.
  • Saxenian A. (2006): The new Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy, Camb-ridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006
  • Saxenian, A. (2005): From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation: Transnational Communities and Regional Upgrading in India and China, Comparative International Develop-ment, Vol. 40, 35-61Skrbıš, Z. (1999). Long-Distance Nationalism. Alders-hot: Ashgate.
  • Skrbiš, Z. (1999) Long-Distance Nationalism, Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Smith MP (2005) Transnational urbanism revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Stu-dies 31: 235–44
  • Stahl, S. (2011). Selbstorganisation von Migranten im deutschen Vereinssport: eine sozio-logische Annäherung. Universitätsverlag Potsdam.
  • Schiller, N. G., Basch, L., & Blanc, C. S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theori-zing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63.
  • Sternberg, R. and Müller, C. (2007) The New Argonauts: Their Local and International Lin-kages and Their Impact on Regional Growth – Empirical Evidence from Transnatio-nal Entrepreneurs Returning to Shanghai/China, DIME WP 2.3 Workshop, Max-Planck Institute for Economics, Jena, Germany
  • Topçu C. (2021)Deutsch-türkische Unternehmer: Erfolgreiche Selbstständige. https://www.deutschland.de (Erişim tarihi: 05.02.2022)
  • Vertovec, S./Cohen, R. (Hrsg.) (1999): Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. Chel-tenhamlNorthharnpton: Edward Elger.
  • Voigt-Graf, C. (2004). Towards a geography of transnational spaces: Indian transnational communities in Australia. Global Networks, 4(1), 25–49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2004.00079.
  • Voigt-Graf, C. (2005). The construction of transnational spaces by Indian migrants in Aust-ralia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 365-384. DOI: 10.1080/1369183042000339972
  • Wahlbeck, O. (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Com-munities. London: Macmillan.
  • Weima, Y. (2017)“Mapping Transnasyonalism Research Report: Refuguee Repatriation and Ongoing Transnationalisms”. Transnational Social Review, 7 (1),113-117.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics, Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Küçük 0000-0001-7802-7236

Early Pub Date July 29, 2022
Publication Date July 31, 2022
Submission Date February 24, 2022
Acceptance Date July 7, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Küçük, A. (2022). Türk- Alman Sosyoekonomik İlişkilerinde Ulus-Ötesi Göçmenlerin Önemi. InTraders International Trade Academic Journal, 5(1), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.55065/intraders.1078843