Research Article
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Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Health Tourism Revenues and Economic Growth in the Fourier Approach

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1769 - 1791, 16.10.2023

Seyhun Tutgun Soner Künç

https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1289575

Abstract

Health tourism is expressed as organized travel outside the local environment in order to protect, improve or renew one's mental and physical health. Especially in recent years, serious problems are experienced in the global production and supply chain due to the COVID-19 epidemic in the world and the Russia-Ukraine war. While these problems are deeply felt in many sectors, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries, the health tourism sector has also been adversely affected by the events. The decrease in international mobility due to travel restrictions and security reasons has led to a decrease in health tourism revenues. Health tourism, where seasonal effects are not experienced, can positively affect economic growth in one of the world's most important health tourism destinations, such as Turkey, through foreign currency inflows. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of health tourism on economic growth, especially in Turkey, which is one of the most important health tourism destinations in the world. In the study using quarterly time series data between 2012Q1-2022Q4, the Fourier Bootstrap ARDL method developed by Yılancı, Bozoklu and Gorus (2020) was used to reveal the existence of a long-term relationship. In addition, Least Squares method (OLS) and Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) methods were applied for parameter coefficient estimations. Our findings, while revealing the existence of a long-term relationship, showed that increases in health tourism income positively affect economic growth. In the light of the findings, it is predicted that the countries that take into account the developments in the field of health tourism and invest in this field will take a significant share from the health tourism revenues among the factors that increase the country's welfare in the future.

Keywords

Growth Fourier ARDL Health tourism

References

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  • Batbaylı, Ş. (2022). Türkiye’nin uluslararası sağlık turizmindeki rekabet gücünün ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Ampirik bir analiz. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.983504
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00478.x
  • Beladi H., Chao C.-C., Ee M. S. ve Hollas D. (2015). “Medical tourism and health worker migration in developing countries.” Economic Modelling 46, 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.045
  • Beladi, H., Chao, C. C., Ee, M. S. ve Hollas, D. (2019). Does medical tourism promote economic growth? A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735909
  • Büyüközkan, G., Mukul, E. ve Kongar, E. (2021). Health tourism strategy selection via SWOT analysis and integrated hesitant fuzzy linguistic AHP-MABAC approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 74, 100929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100929
  • Carrera, P. M. ve Bridges, J. F. (2006). Globalization and healthcare: understanding health and medical tourism. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 6(4), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.6.4.447
  • Cheah, C. F. ve Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2018). Relationship between health care and tourism sectors to economic growth: the case of Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Pertanika J Soc Sci Hum, 26(2), 1203-1214.
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  • Elshennawy, A., ve Siddig, K. (2023). Terrorism and inbound tourism in Egypt: Economy-wide and distributional impacts. Review of Development Economics, 1– 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12985
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012). “The flexible Fourier form and Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests.” Economics Letters 117 (1), 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
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  • Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A. ve Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. Medscape General Medicine, 9(4), 33. PMID: 18311383; PMCID: PMC2234298.
  • Karakoç, S. (2017). Küresel dünyada sağlık turizminin önemi ve Türkiye’nin durumu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Nuh Naci Yazgan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Kazakov, S. ve Oyner, O. (2021). Wellness tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review, 76(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2019-0154
  • Klijs, J., Ormond, M., Mainil, T., Peerlings, J. ve Heijman, W. (2016). A state‐level analysis of the economic impacts of medical tourism in Malaysia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 30(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12132
  • Lautier, M. (2008). Export of health services from developing countries: The case of Tunisia. Social Science & Medicine, 67(1), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.057
  • Lautier, M. (2014). International trade of health services: Global trends and local impact. Health Policy, 118(1), 105-113.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.07.004.
  • Lee, C. G. (2010). Health care and tourism: Evidence from Singapore. Tourism Management, 31(4), 486-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.05.002
  • Lehman, M. ve Kurecic, P. (2016). The possibilites of health tourism development in the continental region of Croatia. 15th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development - Human Resources Development. Varazdin 9-10 June 2016. 282-293.
  • Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts (2023). https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/medical-tourism-statistics-and-facts?utm_campaign=404&utm_medium=Webpage&utm_source=MT_Website adresinden 18.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Momeni, K., Janati, A., Imani, A. ve Khodayari-Zarnaq, R. (2018). Barriers to the development of medical tourism in East Azerbaijan province, Iran: A qualitative study. Tourism Management, 69, 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.007
  • Musa, G., Thirumoorthi, T. ve Doshi, D. (2012), “Travel behaviour among inbound medical tourists in Kuala Lumpur”, Current Issues In Tourism, 15 (6), 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.626847
  • Naranong, A. ve Naranong, V. (2011). The effects of medical tourism: Thailand's experience. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 336-344. 10.2471/BLT.09.072249
  • Perkumienė, D., Vienažindienė, M. ve Švagždienė, B. (2019). Cooperation perspectives in sustainable medical tourism: The case of Lithuania. Sustainability, 11(13), 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133584
  • Pleșoıanu, D. ve Diaconescu, V. (2016). Amara, a spa with an extraordinary natural potential. Scientific Papers: Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 16(4). PRINT ISSN 2284-7995, 257-260.
  • Qian F. ve Shang Y. (2022). The impact of regional economic growth and factor input on the convergence of health tourism industry—based on the data of 31 provinces in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 10, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.881337
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SAĞLIK TURİZMİ GELİRLERİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI İLE AMPİRİK OLARAK İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1769 - 1791, 16.10.2023

Seyhun Tutgun Soner Künç

https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1289575

Abstract

Sağlık turizmi, kişinin zihin ve beden sağlığını korumak, geliştirmek veya yenilemek için yerel çevresi dışında organize seyahat etmesi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda dünyada yaşanan COVID-19 salgını ve Rusya-Ukrayna savaşından dolayı küresel üretim ve tedarik zincirinde ciddi sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Bu sorunlar, özellikle az gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde birçok sektörde derinden hissedilirken, sağlık turizmi sektörü de yaşanan olaylardan olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Seyahat kısıtlamaları ve güvenlik gerekçesiyle uluslararası hareketliliğin azalması sağlık turizmi gelirlerinin düşmesine yol açmıştır. Mevsimsel etkilerin yaşanmadığı sağlık turizmi, Türkiye gibi dünyanın en önemli sağlık turizmi destinasyonlarından birinde, döviz girdisi yoluyla ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu etkileyebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, özellikle dünyadaki en önemli sağlık turizmi destinasyonlardan biri olan Türkiye’de, sağlık turizminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. 2012Q1-2022Q4 yılları arası çeyreklik zaman serisi verisinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koymak için Yılancı, Bozoklu ve Gorus (2020) tarafından geliştirilen Fourier Bootstrap ARDL yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca parametre katsayı tahminleri için En Küçük Kareler yöntemi (OLS) ve Tam Modifiye Edilmiş En Küçük Kareler (FMOLS) yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgularımız, uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını ortaya koyarken, sağlık turizm gelirinde yaşanan artışların ekonomik büyümeyi olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, sağlık turizmi alanındaki gelişmeleri dikkate alan ve bu alana yatırım yapan ülkelerin gelecekte ülke refahını arttırıcı unsurlar arasında sağlık turizm gelirlerinden önemli pay alacakları öngörülmektedir.

Keywords

Büyüme Fourier ARDL Sağlık turizmi

References

  • Barca, M., Akdeve, E. ve İ. G. Balay, (2013), Türkiye sağlık turizm sektörünün analizi ve strateji önerileri. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 64-92.
  • Batbaylı, Ş. (2022). Türkiye’nin uluslararası sağlık turizmindeki rekabet gücünün ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Ampirik bir analiz. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2), 365-382. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.983504
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2006). A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00478.x
  • Beladi H., Chao C.-C., Ee M. S. ve Hollas D. (2015). “Medical tourism and health worker migration in developing countries.” Economic Modelling 46, 391–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.12.045
  • Beladi, H., Chao, C. C., Ee, M. S. ve Hollas, D. (2019). Does medical tourism promote economic growth? A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 58(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735909
  • Büyüközkan, G., Mukul, E. ve Kongar, E. (2021). Health tourism strategy selection via SWOT analysis and integrated hesitant fuzzy linguistic AHP-MABAC approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 74, 100929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100929
  • Carrera, P. M. ve Bridges, J. F. (2006). Globalization and healthcare: understanding health and medical tourism. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 6(4), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.6.4.447
  • Cheah, C. F. ve Abdul-Rahim, A. S. (2018). Relationship between health care and tourism sectors to economic growth: the case of Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Pertanika J Soc Sci Hum, 26(2), 1203-1214.
  • Connell, J. (2011), Medical tourism, Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
  • Çelik, S., Ünlü, A. ve Künç, S. (2022). Teknolojik gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin incelenmesi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir uygulama. İktisadi Büyüme Üzerine Yazılar, Editör; Şerife Merve Koşaroğlu, Orion Akademi, Ankara.
  • De Arellano, A. B. R. (2007). Patients without borders: the emergence of medical tourism. International Journal of Health Services, 37(1), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.2190/4857-468G-2325-47UU
  • De Arellano, A. B. R. (2011). Medical tourism in the Caribbean. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 36(2), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1086/655908
  • Elshennawy, A., ve Siddig, K. (2023). Terrorism and inbound tourism in Egypt: Economy-wide and distributional impacts. Review of Development Economics, 1– 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12985
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012). “The flexible Fourier form and Dickey-Fuller type unit root tests.” Economics Letters 117 (1), 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Girgin, E. (2019). Turizm gelirleri ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Aydın.
  • Grand View Research, “Medical tourism market size, share & trends analysis report by treatment type, by service provider, by country, and segment forecasts, 2022–2030” (Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2023, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/medical-tourism-market)
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). Asymmetric causality tests with an application. Empirical Economics, 43 (1), 447-456.
  • Hemmati, F., Dabbaghi, F. ve Mahmoudi, G. (2018). Investigating the impact of information technology on the status of health tourism in Mashhad, Iran. Revista Publicando, 5(15 (1)), 54-65.
  • Heung, V. C., Kucukusta, D. ve Song, H. (2011). Medical tourism development in Hong Kong: An assessment of the barriers. Tourism Management, 32(5), 995-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.012
  • Horowitz, M. D., Rosensweig, J. A. ve Jones, C. A. (2007). Medical tourism: Globalization of the healthcare marketplace. Medscape General Medicine, 9(4), 33. PMID: 18311383; PMCID: PMC2234298.
  • Karakoç, S. (2017). Küresel dünyada sağlık turizminin önemi ve Türkiye’nin durumu. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Nuh Naci Yazgan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Kazakov, S. ve Oyner, O. (2021). Wellness tourism: A perspective article. Tourism Review, 76(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2019-0154
  • Klijs, J., Ormond, M., Mainil, T., Peerlings, J. ve Heijman, W. (2016). A state‐level analysis of the economic impacts of medical tourism in Malaysia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 30(1), 3-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12132
  • Lautier, M. (2008). Export of health services from developing countries: The case of Tunisia. Social Science & Medicine, 67(1), 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.057
  • Lautier, M. (2014). International trade of health services: Global trends and local impact. Health Policy, 118(1), 105-113.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.07.004.
  • Lee, C. G. (2010). Health care and tourism: Evidence from Singapore. Tourism Management, 31(4), 486-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.05.002
  • Lehman, M. ve Kurecic, P. (2016). The possibilites of health tourism development in the continental region of Croatia. 15th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development - Human Resources Development. Varazdin 9-10 June 2016. 282-293.
  • Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts (2023). https://www.globalhealthcareaccreditation.com/medical-tourism-statistics-and-facts?utm_campaign=404&utm_medium=Webpage&utm_source=MT_Website adresinden 18.07.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Momeni, K., Janati, A., Imani, A. ve Khodayari-Zarnaq, R. (2018). Barriers to the development of medical tourism in East Azerbaijan province, Iran: A qualitative study. Tourism Management, 69, 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.007
  • Musa, G., Thirumoorthi, T. ve Doshi, D. (2012), “Travel behaviour among inbound medical tourists in Kuala Lumpur”, Current Issues In Tourism, 15 (6), 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.626847
  • Naranong, A. ve Naranong, V. (2011). The effects of medical tourism: Thailand's experience. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 336-344. 10.2471/BLT.09.072249
  • Perkumienė, D., Vienažindienė, M. ve Švagždienė, B. (2019). Cooperation perspectives in sustainable medical tourism: The case of Lithuania. Sustainability, 11(13), 3584. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133584
  • Pleșoıanu, D. ve Diaconescu, V. (2016). Amara, a spa with an extraordinary natural potential. Scientific Papers: Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 16(4). PRINT ISSN 2284-7995, 257-260.
  • Qian F. ve Shang Y. (2022). The impact of regional economic growth and factor input on the convergence of health tourism industry—based on the data of 31 provinces in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 10, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.881337
  • Rodrigues, P. & Taylor, R. (2012). “The flexible Fourier form and local GLS de-trended unit root tests.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 74 (5), 736–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00665.x
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2007). Health at a glance: Turkey, ministry of health, Refik Saydam hygiene center, School of Public Health, Turkey: Ankara.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Sağlık istatistikleri yıllığı 2021 haber bülteni. Sağlık Araştırmaları Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Sarantopoulos, I. ve Demetris, L. (2015). The contribution of medical tourism to the economic and regional development in Greece. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 2(2), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.18646/2056.22.15-006
  • Saturk. (2020). Sağlık Bakanlığı sağlık turizmi koordinasyon kurulu (SATURK) raporları. https://saglikturizmi.saglik.gov.tr/TR,23587/saglik-turizmi-nedir.html) adresinden 02.01.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
  • Smith, R., Álvarez, M. M. ve Chanda, R. (2011). Medical tourism: a review of the literature and analysis of a role for bi-lateral trade. Health policy, 103(2-3), 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.06.009
  • Şak, N. (2021). Sağlık turizmi ve ekonomik büyümede asimetrik etkiler: Türkiye uygulaması, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 17 (3), 781-799. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.785591
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There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Seyhun Tutgun 0000-0001-7328-1294

Soner Künç 0000-0001-8936-9282

Early Pub Date October 10, 2023
Publication Date October 16, 2023
Submission Date April 28, 2023
Acceptance Date August 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tutgun, S., & Künç, S. (2023). SAĞLIK TURİZMİ GELİRLERİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN FOURIER YAKLAŞIMI İLE AMPİRİK OLARAK İNCELENMESİ. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 11(3), 1769-1791. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1289575
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