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The Tourism-Based Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence From the Turkish Economy

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 479 - 496, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the impact of tourism on environmental pollution and test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for the Turkish economy based on data from 1975–2018 in cubic form by observing the impacts of tourism indicators on the environment. We analyzed the correlations among per-capita ecological footprint, international tourist arrivals, per capita GDP, the social globalization index, and urbanization rate using the ARDL limit test. Based on our research, we have found evidence that during the study period, there is an N-shaped correlation between tourist arrivals and ecological footprint in the Turkish economy. This contradicts the idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve for both the short- and long-term. Our findings reveal that domestic and national policies to fight against pollution need to be developed rather than wasting time by waiting for the end of the relationship between tourist arrivals and environmental pollution after a certain milestone.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this article complies with ethical standards and rules.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received from any person or institution for the study.

References

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  • Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S., Abbasi, K. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Nexus between tourism, hydropower, and CO2 emissions in India: fresh insights from ARDL and cumulative fourier frequency domain causality. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 10903–10927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02511-3
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  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014b). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
  • Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2018). Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: Evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33611–33619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0
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Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 479 - 496, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600

Abstract

References

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
  • Alam, M. S., & Paramati, S. R. (2016). The impact of tourism on income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.008
  • Ansari, M. A., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2022). Does tourism development promote ecological footprint? A nonlinear ARDL approach. Anatolia, 33(4), 614–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1985542
  • Ang, J.S. (2007), CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772–4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Effects of globalization on ecological footprint: The case of Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 5(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Arbulú, I., Lozano, J., & Rey-Maquieira, J. (2015). Tourism and solid waste generation in Europe: A panel data assessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Waste Management, 46, 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.014
  • Arı, A. (2021). The analysis of relations between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 and GDP for Turkey. Journal of Academic Approaches, 12(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406
  • Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S., Abbasi, K. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Nexus between tourism, hydropower, and CO2 emissions in India: fresh insights from ARDL and cumulative fourier frequency domain causality. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 10903–10927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02511-3
  • Boluk, G., & Guven, M. (2022). The role of tourism, energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on ecological footprint: The Turkish case. European Journal of Science and Technology, (38), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1030941
  • Bozkurt, C., Akan, Y., & Okumus, I. (2016, May 13-14). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in BRICTS: The role of tourism. In Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings (pp. 59–65). 14th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Canpolat Gökçe, E., & Kızılkaya, F. (2022). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis for Turkey. Journal of Social Sciences of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 19(1), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.875357
  • Carson, R. T. (2010). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Seeking empirical regularity and theoretical structure. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rep021
  • Çoban, M. N., & Özkan, O. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye'de küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyümenin çevre üzerindeki etkisinin yeni dinamik ARDL simülasyon modeli ile incelenmesi [Environmental Kuznets Curve: Investigation of the impact of globalization and economic growth on the environment in Turkey via novel dynamic ARDL simulations model]. The Academic Elegance, 9(19), 207–228. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akademik-hassasiyetler/issue/72383/1135335
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from STIRPAT Model. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268–283. https://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/40744/452978
  • de Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652–16663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4861-4
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Fethi, S., & Senyucel, E. (2021). The role of tourism development on CO2 emission reduction in an extended version of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from top 50 tourist destination countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1499–1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00633-0
  • GhulamRabbany, M., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1(7), 117–130.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 40109–40120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (Working Paper, No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • Guan, C., Rani, T., Yueqiang, Z., Ajaz, T., & Haseki, M. I. (2022). Impact of tourism industry, globalization, and technology innovation on ecological footprints in G-10 countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6688–6704. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2052337
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index–revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • Han, V., Polat, G., & Coşkun, S. (2022). Türkiye’de turizm gelişiminin çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the impact of tourism development on environmental degradation in Turkey]. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(2), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1049390
  • Hunter, C. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the touristic ecological footprint. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 4, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016336125627
  • İlban, M. O., & Liceli, M. T. (2022). Ekolojik ayak izi ve turizm büyümesi panel nedensellik ilişkisi [Ecological footprint and tourism growth panel causality relationship]. Gastroia: Journal of Gastronomy And Travel Research, 6(2), 231–241. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2665422
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014a), International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014b). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
  • Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2018). Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: Evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33611–33619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0
  • Kılavuz, E., Oralhan, B., Sümerli Sarıgül, S., & Uluğ, E. E. (2021). The validity of the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 3(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.54821/uiecd.1033651
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., Khan, Z., & Ali, S. (2021). Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 14009–14017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7
  • Kongbuamai, N., Bui, Q., Yousaf, H. M. A. U., & Liu, Y. (2020). The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: A case study of ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x
  • Kumail, T., Ali W., Sadiq F., Wu D., & Aburumman A. (2020), Dynamic linkages between tourism, technology and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Anatolia, 31(3), 436–448 https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1742169
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı [KTB]. (2023). Turizm istatistikleri [Tourism statistics]. Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break (Working Paper, No. 0417). Appalachian State University. https://econ.appstate.edu/RePEc/pdf/wp0417.pdf
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economic Development Policy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hilal Şeker 0000-0001-6188-1006

Melahat Avşar 0000-0002-5700-2061

Early Pub Date December 30, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date September 7, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şeker, H., & Avşar, M. (2023). The Tourism-Based Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence From the Turkish Economy. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 16(2), 479-496. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600

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