Research Article
Social and Historical Aspects of Designing the Body with Reference to the Relationship between Sport and Nationalisation
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between sport and nationalisation in a historical basis focusing on modernisation. It is a prominent issue in body studies with growing popularity in social sciences. The role played by embodied social relations is reflected in the body approach applied in the study. This up-to-date approach is presented with reference to studies addressing history of sport and nationalisation. The relationship between body and nationalisation was redefined in the last quarter of twentieth century and a considerable number of studies have been published ever since. Current prevailing studies are explored dealing with body, sport and nationalisation. Progressive transitions in areas such as physical education, health, hygene, scinece, government as well as army, discipline and life style during modernisation redefined the relationship between nation-states and sport. It is concluded that the relationship between them is strong considering particularly the case in Republic of Turkey. The study aims to explain this relationship with reference to Turkish society and the current situation.
Keywords
Turkish Modernization Nationalisation Sociology of Sport Sociology of the Body History of the Republic of Turkey
References
- Akın, Y. (2004). Gürbüz ve yavuz evlatlar. İletişim: İstanbul.
- Andrews, D. (1993). “Desperately seeking michel”, Sociology of Sport Journal, 10 (2): 148–167.
- Andrews, D. L. (2006). Sport, commerce, culture: essays on sports in late capitalist america. Peter Lang Publishing.
- Birrell, S., & Cole, C. L. (1990). Double fault: Renee Richards and the construction and naturalization of difference. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 1–21. doi:10.1123/ssj.7.1.1
- Candan, N., & Bağırgan, T. (2010). Türk ocaklarından halk evlerine: Türkiye’de sporun erken dönem öyküsü. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 17-32.
- Coakley, J. J. (2017). Sports in society: issues and controversies. Mc Graw Hill Education: New York.
- Cole, C. L. (1996). “American jordan: p.l.a.y., consensus, and punishment”, Sociology of Sport Journal, 13 (4), 366–397.
- Cole C. L., Giardina M. D., & Andrews D.L. (2004). Michel Foucault: studies of power and sport. Giulianotti R. (ed). Sport and Modern Social Theorists. Palgrave Macmillan: London https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523180_14
- Coubertin, P. (2018 [1912]). Sport and warfare. The Philosophical Journal Of Conflict And Violence., 2, 351-354.
- Guttmann, A. (2006). The development of modern sports. Handbook Of Sports Studies. J. Coakley, E. Dunning (ed.) . Sage: London
- Çağlı, E. (2011). “İdeal” kadını kurgulamada spor ve beden terbiyesi. Toplumsal Tarih, 64-71.
- Delaney, K. J., & Eckstein, R. (2003). Public dollars, sport stadiums: the battle over building sports stadiums. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.
- Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. Routledge: London.
- Dyck, N., & Archetti, E. P. (2003). Sport, dance and embodied identities. Routledge: London.
- Eichberg, H. (2007). How to study body culture. Idrottsforum. https://idrottsforum.org/
- Eichberg, H. (2009). Body culture. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0006-0.
- Eitzen, D. S. (1989). The sociology of amateur sport: an overview. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 24(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269028902400201.
- Elias, N., & Dunning, E. (1986). Quest for excitement: sport and leisure in the civilising process. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Giulianotti, R., Robertson, R. (2009). Globalization and football. Sage: New York.
- Glass, C. (2008). Gender, sport & nationalism: the cases of Canada and India. [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/262
- Gökaçtı, M. A. (2008). “Bizim için oyna”: Türkiye’de futbol ve siyaset. İletişim: İstanbul.
- Guttmann, A. (1994). Games and empires: modern sports and cultural imperialism. Columbia University Press: Columbia.
- Günay, N. (2013). Atatürk döneminde Türkiye’de beden eğitiminin gelişimi ve Gazi beden terbiyesi bölümü. Atatürk Araştırmaları Merkezi Dergisi, 85, 72-100.
- Günay, N. (2017). Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurulan spor cemiyetleri ve jimnastik derslerinin milliyetçilik hareketlerindeki rolü. Belleten, 292, 917-946.
- Hanson, H., & Harland, A. (2012). The 16th century football. Procedia Engineering, 34, 373-378
- Hoberman, J. M. (1984). Sport and political ideology. University Of Texas Press: Austin.
- Hobsbawm, E. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
- Johansson, T., & Andreasson, J. (2019). Bodybuilding and fitness doping in transition. historical transformations and contemporary challenges. Social Sciences, 8 (3). 10.3390/socsci8030080
- Jonasson, K. (2013). Sport has never been modern. University Of Gothenburg. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/16336102.pdf
- Krawietz, B. (2014). Sport and nationalism in the republic of Turkey. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31, 336-346.
- Loland, S. (2002). Fair play in sport: a moral norm system. Routledge: New York.
- Lüküslü, D, & Dinçşahin, Ş. (2013). Shaping bodies shaping minds: Selim Sırrı Tarcan and the origins of modern physical education in Turkey, The International Journal of the History of Sport, (30)3, 195-209, 10.1080/09523367.2012.742067
- Nelson, M. (2005). Sports history as a vehicle for social and cultural understanding in American history, The Social Studies, 96:3, 118-125. 10.3200/ TSSS.96.3.118-125
- Newman, J. (2017). Outstanding academic titles. Choice Magazine. https://www.choice360.org/choice-picks/category/outstanding-academic-titles/
- Pfister, G. (2003). Cultural confrontations: German turnen, Swedish gymnastics and English sport: European diversity in physical activities from a historical perspective. Culture, Sport, Society, 6:1, 61-91. 10.1080/14610980312331271489
- Pfister, G. (2009). Epilogue: gymnastics from Europe to America. The International Journal Of History Of Sport, 26(13), 2052-2058.
- Reicher, D. (2020). Nationalistic German gymnastic movements and modern sports: culture between identity and habitus. Historical Social Research, 45(1), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.45.2020.1.207-225
- Roubal, P. (2003). Politics of gymnastics: mass gymnastic displays under communism in Central and Eastern Europe. Body and Society, 9(2), 1–25.
- Seippel, O. (2018). Topics and trends: 30 years of sociology of sport. European Jopurnal Of Sport And Society. 15(3). 10.1080/16138171.2018.1475098
- Semenza, G. M. C. (2003). Sport, politics and literature in the English renaissance. Newark: Delaware.
- Serra, P. (2015). Sociology of sport. Principles Of Sports Management. S. Rudansky-Kloppers, J.Styrdom (ed.). Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Sert, M. (2000). Gol atan galip: futbola sosyolojik bir bakış. Bağlam Yayınları: İstanbul.
- Sheard, K., & Dunning, E. (2004). Barbarians, gentlemen and players: a sociological study of the development of rugby football. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203491713
- Sinoforoğlu, T. (2020). Selim Sırrı Tarcan ve İsveç jimnastiği. Spor Yayınevi: İstanbul.
- Tarcan, S.S. (1932). Beden terbiyesi, oyun-jimnastik-spor. Devlet Matbaası: İstanbul.
- Tarcan, S. S. (1942). Spor pedagojisi. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi.
- Tarcan, S.S. (1946). Hatıralarım. Türkiye Yayınevi.
- Tarcan, S. S. (1948). Yeni ve eski olimpiyatlar. Ülkü Basımevi: İstanbul.
- Tomlinson, A., Clift, J., & Boykoff, J. (2021). Populism in sport, leisure and popular culture: setting the scene. Populism In Sport, Leisure And Popular Culture. Alan Tomlinson, Bryan C. Clift (ed.). Routledge: New York.
- Tunçkol, H., M. & Şahin, M., Y. (2011). Worker’s sport movement in Germany. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 27-35.
- Turner, B., S. (2008). The body and society: explorations in social theory. Sage: London.
- Türkmen, M. (2012). Siyasal toplumsallaşma aracı olarak beden eğitimi ve spor: işçi sporları ve Türkiye’deki etkileri (1923-1938). Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi.
- Vigarello, G. (1978). Le corps redresse. Editions Universitaires: Paris.
- Vigarello, G. (2006). Bedeni çalıştırmak. Bedenin Tarihi 3: Bakıştaki Değişim: 20. Yüzyıl. Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques Courtine, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (S. Özen çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Vigarello, G. (2007). Egzersiz yapmak, oyun oynamak. Bedenin Tarihi: Rönesans’tan Aydınlanma’ya. Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques Courtin, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (S. Özen çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Vigarello, G., Holt, R. (2011). İşlenen beden, 19. yüzyılda jimnastikçiler ve sporcular. Bedenin Tarihi 2. Alain Corbin, Jean Jacques Courtine, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (O. Türkay çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Watson, J., M. (2018 [1864]). Watson’s manual of calisthenics. Palala Press.
Sosyal Boyutlarıyla Geçmişten Günümüze Beden Tasarımında Sporun Uluslaşma ve Modernleşme ile İlişkisi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada sosyal bilimlerde giderek daha çok ilgi gören ve beden çalışmaları alanında önde gelen konulardan biri olan sporun uluslaşma ile ilişkisi tarihsel bir düzlemde, modernleşme odağında ele alınmaktadır. Bedene dair benimsenen yaklaşım, bedenin sosyal ilişkilerin taşıyıcısı ve yönlendiricisi olarak edindiği role odaklanmaktadır. Bedene dair bu güncel yaklaşım, spor ve ulus ilişkisinin tarihine odaklanan çalışmalara değinerek sunulmaktadır. Beden ve uluslaşma arasındaki ilişkinin yeniden tanımlanması ile son dönemde pek çok yeni çalışma ortaya konmuştur. Bahsi geçen çalışmalardan önde gelenlerinden hareketle, beden, spor ve uluslaşma ilişkisi incelenmektedir. Söz konusu ilişkinin sıkı bağlarla kurulduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Modernleşme ile ortaya çıkan bedene dair beden eğitimi, sağlık, hijyen, bilim, yönetim gibi alanlara eşlik eden ordu, disiplin, yaşam tarzı gibi alanlardaki yenilikler, devlet ve sporun ilişkisini farklı bir boyuta taşımıştır. Türkiye örneği ele alındığında, beden ve sporun uluslaşma ve modernleşme ile ilişkisi dikkat çekicidir. Türkiye’de modernleşme ile ortaya çıkan dinamiklerin izleri, günümüzde farklı biçimleriyle ulus ve spor ilişkisinde ortaya konmaktadır. Araştırma, Türkiye örneğini incelemesi ve günümüze dair açtığı çerçeve ile bu alana katkı vermeyi amaçlamaktadır.
References
- Akın, Y. (2004). Gürbüz ve yavuz evlatlar. İletişim: İstanbul.
- Andrews, D. (1993). “Desperately seeking michel”, Sociology of Sport Journal, 10 (2): 148–167.
- Andrews, D. L. (2006). Sport, commerce, culture: essays on sports in late capitalist america. Peter Lang Publishing.
- Birrell, S., & Cole, C. L. (1990). Double fault: Renee Richards and the construction and naturalization of difference. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 1–21. doi:10.1123/ssj.7.1.1
- Candan, N., & Bağırgan, T. (2010). Türk ocaklarından halk evlerine: Türkiye’de sporun erken dönem öyküsü. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(3), 17-32.
- Coakley, J. J. (2017). Sports in society: issues and controversies. Mc Graw Hill Education: New York.
- Cole, C. L. (1996). “American jordan: p.l.a.y., consensus, and punishment”, Sociology of Sport Journal, 13 (4), 366–397.
- Cole C. L., Giardina M. D., & Andrews D.L. (2004). Michel Foucault: studies of power and sport. Giulianotti R. (ed). Sport and Modern Social Theorists. Palgrave Macmillan: London https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230523180_14
- Coubertin, P. (2018 [1912]). Sport and warfare. The Philosophical Journal Of Conflict And Violence., 2, 351-354.
- Guttmann, A. (2006). The development of modern sports. Handbook Of Sports Studies. J. Coakley, E. Dunning (ed.) . Sage: London
- Çağlı, E. (2011). “İdeal” kadını kurgulamada spor ve beden terbiyesi. Toplumsal Tarih, 64-71.
- Delaney, K. J., & Eckstein, R. (2003). Public dollars, sport stadiums: the battle over building sports stadiums. Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick.
- Dunning, E. (1999). Sport matters: sociological studies of sport, violence and civilization. Routledge: London.
- Dyck, N., & Archetti, E. P. (2003). Sport, dance and embodied identities. Routledge: London.
- Eichberg, H. (2007). How to study body culture. Idrottsforum. https://idrottsforum.org/
- Eichberg, H. (2009). Body culture. Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10141-009-0006-0.
- Eitzen, D. S. (1989). The sociology of amateur sport: an overview. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 24(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269028902400201.
- Elias, N., & Dunning, E. (1986). Quest for excitement: sport and leisure in the civilising process. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Giulianotti, R., Robertson, R. (2009). Globalization and football. Sage: New York.
- Glass, C. (2008). Gender, sport & nationalism: the cases of Canada and India. [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi]. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/262
- Gökaçtı, M. A. (2008). “Bizim için oyna”: Türkiye’de futbol ve siyaset. İletişim: İstanbul.
- Guttmann, A. (1994). Games and empires: modern sports and cultural imperialism. Columbia University Press: Columbia.
- Günay, N. (2013). Atatürk döneminde Türkiye’de beden eğitiminin gelişimi ve Gazi beden terbiyesi bölümü. Atatürk Araştırmaları Merkezi Dergisi, 85, 72-100.
- Günay, N. (2017). Osmanlı Devleti’nde kurulan spor cemiyetleri ve jimnastik derslerinin milliyetçilik hareketlerindeki rolü. Belleten, 292, 917-946.
- Hanson, H., & Harland, A. (2012). The 16th century football. Procedia Engineering, 34, 373-378
- Hoberman, J. M. (1984). Sport and political ideology. University Of Texas Press: Austin.
- Hobsbawm, E. (1990). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
- Johansson, T., & Andreasson, J. (2019). Bodybuilding and fitness doping in transition. historical transformations and contemporary challenges. Social Sciences, 8 (3). 10.3390/socsci8030080
- Jonasson, K. (2013). Sport has never been modern. University Of Gothenburg. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/16336102.pdf
- Krawietz, B. (2014). Sport and nationalism in the republic of Turkey. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31, 336-346.
- Loland, S. (2002). Fair play in sport: a moral norm system. Routledge: New York.
- Lüküslü, D, & Dinçşahin, Ş. (2013). Shaping bodies shaping minds: Selim Sırrı Tarcan and the origins of modern physical education in Turkey, The International Journal of the History of Sport, (30)3, 195-209, 10.1080/09523367.2012.742067
- Nelson, M. (2005). Sports history as a vehicle for social and cultural understanding in American history, The Social Studies, 96:3, 118-125. 10.3200/ TSSS.96.3.118-125
- Newman, J. (2017). Outstanding academic titles. Choice Magazine. https://www.choice360.org/choice-picks/category/outstanding-academic-titles/
- Pfister, G. (2003). Cultural confrontations: German turnen, Swedish gymnastics and English sport: European diversity in physical activities from a historical perspective. Culture, Sport, Society, 6:1, 61-91. 10.1080/14610980312331271489
- Pfister, G. (2009). Epilogue: gymnastics from Europe to America. The International Journal Of History Of Sport, 26(13), 2052-2058.
- Reicher, D. (2020). Nationalistic German gymnastic movements and modern sports: culture between identity and habitus. Historical Social Research, 45(1), 207-225. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.45.2020.1.207-225
- Roubal, P. (2003). Politics of gymnastics: mass gymnastic displays under communism in Central and Eastern Europe. Body and Society, 9(2), 1–25.
- Seippel, O. (2018). Topics and trends: 30 years of sociology of sport. European Jopurnal Of Sport And Society. 15(3). 10.1080/16138171.2018.1475098
- Semenza, G. M. C. (2003). Sport, politics and literature in the English renaissance. Newark: Delaware.
- Serra, P. (2015). Sociology of sport. Principles Of Sports Management. S. Rudansky-Kloppers, J.Styrdom (ed.). Oxford University Press: Oxford.
- Sert, M. (2000). Gol atan galip: futbola sosyolojik bir bakış. Bağlam Yayınları: İstanbul.
- Sheard, K., & Dunning, E. (2004). Barbarians, gentlemen and players: a sociological study of the development of rugby football. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203491713
- Sinoforoğlu, T. (2020). Selim Sırrı Tarcan ve İsveç jimnastiği. Spor Yayınevi: İstanbul.
- Tarcan, S.S. (1932). Beden terbiyesi, oyun-jimnastik-spor. Devlet Matbaası: İstanbul.
- Tarcan, S. S. (1942). Spor pedagojisi. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi.
- Tarcan, S.S. (1946). Hatıralarım. Türkiye Yayınevi.
- Tarcan, S. S. (1948). Yeni ve eski olimpiyatlar. Ülkü Basımevi: İstanbul.
- Tomlinson, A., Clift, J., & Boykoff, J. (2021). Populism in sport, leisure and popular culture: setting the scene. Populism In Sport, Leisure And Popular Culture. Alan Tomlinson, Bryan C. Clift (ed.). Routledge: New York.
- Tunçkol, H., M. & Şahin, M., Y. (2011). Worker’s sport movement in Germany. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 27-35.
- Turner, B., S. (2008). The body and society: explorations in social theory. Sage: London.
- Türkmen, M. (2012). Siyasal toplumsallaşma aracı olarak beden eğitimi ve spor: işçi sporları ve Türkiye’deki etkileri (1923-1938). Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi.
- Vigarello, G. (1978). Le corps redresse. Editions Universitaires: Paris.
- Vigarello, G. (2006). Bedeni çalıştırmak. Bedenin Tarihi 3: Bakıştaki Değişim: 20. Yüzyıl. Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques Courtine, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (S. Özen çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Vigarello, G. (2007). Egzersiz yapmak, oyun oynamak. Bedenin Tarihi: Rönesans’tan Aydınlanma’ya. Alain Corbin, Jean-Jacques Courtin, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (S. Özen çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Vigarello, G., Holt, R. (2011). İşlenen beden, 19. yüzyılda jimnastikçiler ve sporcular. Bedenin Tarihi 2. Alain Corbin, Jean Jacques Courtine, Georges Vigarello (ed.). (O. Türkay çev.). YKY: İstanbul.
- Watson, J., M. (2018 [1864]). Watson’s manual of calisthenics. Palala Press.
There are 57 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sociology |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 10, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 21, 2023 |
| Submission Date | February 17, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | May 11, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 40 Issue: 1 |
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