Abstract
Analogy is a type of thinking and an inference procedure, frequently used in art, education, science and philosophy, as well as in everyday life. However, opinions on the definition and applicability of analogy are as varied as the scope of its use. This study aims to explore the nature of analogy, the mechanism and the various stages of analogical reasoning, as well as to discuss the role of analogy in the process of acquiring knowledge. To this end, we examine both views on analogies in classical philosophy and the results of contemporary research. The study shows that analogy is one of the basic elements of human cognition, and also reveals the relationship of analogy to such cognitive acts as analysis, synthesis, generalization and abstraction. We also discuss the subjective and objective foundations of knowledge obtained by analogy, and the conditions for increasing the reliability of analogical inferenses.
References
- Agassi, Joseph. “Analogies as Generalizations”, Philosophy of Science, 31 (1964): 351–356.
- Aristoteles. Organon III, Birinci Analitikler. Çeviren H.R. Atademir. İstanbul: MEB Yayınları, 1996.
- Aristoteles. Poetika. Çeviren İ. Tunalı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2002.
- Aristoteles. Retorik. Çeviren Mehmet H. Doğan, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1995.
- Barasch, Moche & Serrano, Luci, Icon: Studies in the History of An Idea, New York: NY University Press, 1993
- Bush, G.Y. Analogy and Technical Creativity. Riga: Avots, 1981.
- Gentner Dedre, Loewenstein J., Thompson L., & Forbus, K. “Reviving Inert Knowledge: Analogical Abstraction Supports Relational Retrieval of Past Events”. Cognitive Science, 33 (2009): 1343-1382.
- Gentner, Dedre. Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy, Cognitive Science, 7(1983): 155-170.
- Godden, David M. “Mill on Logic”, in A Companion to Mill. Ed. C. Macleod & D.E. Miller, Hoboken, 175-191. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
- Gust, Helmar, Krumnack, U., Kühnberger, K. and Schwering, A., “Analogical reasoning: A core of cognition”, Zeitschrift Künstliche Intelligenz, Vol.1, 8 (2008): 8–12.
- Hahn, Robert. The Metaphysics of the Pythagorean Theorem. New York: Suny Press, 2017.
- Hesse, Mary. “Analogy and Confirmaion Theory”, Philosiphy of Science, 31, 4 (1964): 319-327.
- Hofstadter, Douglas M. & Sander, Emmanuel. Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
- Holyoak, Keith J., Gentner,D. & Kokinov, B. N. “Introduction: The Place of Analogy in Cognition” in The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science. Eds. D.Gentner& K.Holyoak, 1-19. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
- Itkonen, Esa. Analogy as Structure and Process, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005.
- Kant, Immanuel. Arı Usun Eleştirisi. Çeviren A. Yardımlı. İstanbul: İdea, 1993.
- Kant, Immanuel. Gelecekte Bir Bilim Olarak Ortaya Çıkabilecek Her Metafiziğe Prolegomena. Çeviren İ.Kuçuradi & Y.Örnek. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, 2019.
- Kuhn, Thomas. “Metaphor in Science” in Metaphor and Thought. Ed. A. Ortony, 409–419. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
- Leibniz, Gottfried. New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, London-New York: The Macmillan Company, 1896. Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 30, 2022. https://archive.org/details/newessaysconcern00lei/page/332/mode/2up
- Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 2009.
- Rips, Lance J. “Similarity, tipicality, and categorization”, Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony, 21-59. Cambridge - NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Smith, Edward E. & Medin, Douglas L. Categories and concepts. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
- Vosniadou, Stella & Ortony, Adrew. “Similarity and analogical reasoning: a synthesis” in Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony , 1-18. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Vosniadou, Stella. “Analogical reasoning as a mechanism in knowledge acquisition: a developmental perspective” in Similarity and Analogical Reasoning. Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony, 413-437. Cambridge - New Y0rk: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Abstract
Analoji, gündelik yaşamda olduğu gibi, sanat, eğitim, bilim ve felsefede sıkça başvurulan düşünme türü ve yargıya varma sürecidir. Ne var ki, analojinin tanımı ve uygulanabilirliği konusundaki görüşler, kullanım alanları kadar çeşitlilik arz etmektedir. Bu araştırma, analojik düşünmenin doğası ve mekanizması ile çeşitli aşamalarını incelemeyi ve analojinin bilgi edinme sürecindeki rolünü değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda incelememizde, hem klasik felsefede analoji konusundaki görüşlere, hem de çağdaş araştırmaların bulgularına başvurulmaktadır. Araştırmada, analojinin insan bilişinin temel unsurlarından biri olduğu gösterilerek, analojinin analiz, sentez, genelleme ve soyutlama gibi bilişsel edimlerle ilgisi değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca, analoji yoluyla elde edilen bilgilerin öznel ve nesnel dayanakları, analojik çıkarımların güvenilirliğini arttırma koşulları tartışılmaktadır.
Keywords
References
- Agassi, Joseph. “Analogies as Generalizations”, Philosophy of Science, 31 (1964): 351–356.
- Aristoteles. Organon III, Birinci Analitikler. Çeviren H.R. Atademir. İstanbul: MEB Yayınları, 1996.
- Aristoteles. Poetika. Çeviren İ. Tunalı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 2002.
- Aristoteles. Retorik. Çeviren Mehmet H. Doğan, 2. Baskı, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1995.
- Barasch, Moche & Serrano, Luci, Icon: Studies in the History of An Idea, New York: NY University Press, 1993
- Bush, G.Y. Analogy and Technical Creativity. Riga: Avots, 1981.
- Gentner Dedre, Loewenstein J., Thompson L., & Forbus, K. “Reviving Inert Knowledge: Analogical Abstraction Supports Relational Retrieval of Past Events”. Cognitive Science, 33 (2009): 1343-1382.
- Gentner, Dedre. Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy, Cognitive Science, 7(1983): 155-170.
- Godden, David M. “Mill on Logic”, in A Companion to Mill. Ed. C. Macleod & D.E. Miller, Hoboken, 175-191. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
- Gust, Helmar, Krumnack, U., Kühnberger, K. and Schwering, A., “Analogical reasoning: A core of cognition”, Zeitschrift Künstliche Intelligenz, Vol.1, 8 (2008): 8–12.
- Hahn, Robert. The Metaphysics of the Pythagorean Theorem. New York: Suny Press, 2017.
- Hesse, Mary. “Analogy and Confirmaion Theory”, Philosiphy of Science, 31, 4 (1964): 319-327.
- Hofstadter, Douglas M. & Sander, Emmanuel. Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking. New York: Basic Books, 2013.
- Holyoak, Keith J., Gentner,D. & Kokinov, B. N. “Introduction: The Place of Analogy in Cognition” in The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science. Eds. D.Gentner& K.Holyoak, 1-19. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001.
- Itkonen, Esa. Analogy as Structure and Process, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005.
- Kant, Immanuel. Arı Usun Eleştirisi. Çeviren A. Yardımlı. İstanbul: İdea, 1993.
- Kant, Immanuel. Gelecekte Bir Bilim Olarak Ortaya Çıkabilecek Her Metafiziğe Prolegomena. Çeviren İ.Kuçuradi & Y.Örnek. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, 2019.
- Kuhn, Thomas. “Metaphor in Science” in Metaphor and Thought. Ed. A. Ortony, 409–419. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
- Kuhn, Thomas. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
- Leibniz, Gottfried. New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, London-New York: The Macmillan Company, 1896. Erişim Tarihi: Ocak 30, 2022. https://archive.org/details/newessaysconcern00lei/page/332/mode/2up
- Mill, John Stuart. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 2009.
- Rips, Lance J. “Similarity, tipicality, and categorization”, Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony, 21-59. Cambridge - NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Smith, Edward E. & Medin, Douglas L. Categories and concepts. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
- Vosniadou, Stella & Ortony, Adrew. “Similarity and analogical reasoning: a synthesis” in Similarity and Analogical Reasoning, Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony , 1-18. Cambridge - New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
- Vosniadou, Stella. “Analogical reasoning as a mechanism in knowledge acquisition: a developmental perspective” in Similarity and Analogical Reasoning. Ed. S.Vosniadou, & A.Ortony, 413-437. Cambridge - New Y0rk: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Philosophy, Logic |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 21, 2022 |
| Submission Date | January 30, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | March 21, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Issue: 33 |
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Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.1161851
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