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Çocuklar İçin “Hayır” Diyebilme Becerisi Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 33 - 48, 31.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.350631

Abstract

Bu araştırmada,
çocukların “hayır” diyebilme becerilerini değerlendirmeye yönelik bir ölçeğin
geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın katılımcılarını, HÖ’nün kapsam
geçerliğini sağlamak üzere HÖ’de yer alan maddeler hakkında görüşü alınan
uzmanlar ile HÖ’nün yapı geçerliği, ölçüm güvenirliği ve madde ayırt ediciliği
hakkında fikir edinmek için HÖ’de yer alan maddeleri puanlaması istenen ilkokul
4. sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak
sırasıyla HÖ’ye ait 24 maddelik 3’lü Likert, 22 maddelik 3’lü Likert, 12 maddelik
3’lü Likert ve 12 maddelik 5’li Likert olmak üzere dört ayrı taslak form
kullanılmıştır. Bu formların geliştirilme süreci, aşağıda ayrıntılı bir biçimde
açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. HÖ’nün kapsam geçerliğini değerlendirmek amacıyla
uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Yapı geçerliği için açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör
analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. HÖ’den elde edilen ölçümlerin güvenirliği, Cronbach
Alfa ve test yarılama (eşdeğer yarılar) yöntemlerinin kullanılmasıyla analiz
edilmiştir. Düzeltilmiş madde toplam korelasyonları ile bağımsız örneklemler
için t-testi sonuçlarından yola çıkılarak ölçekte yer alan maddelerin ayırt
edicilikleri hakkında bir fikir edinilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları,
çocukların “hayır” diyebilme becerileri ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda
HÖ’nün geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlar verebilecek bir ölçme aracı olarak
kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.



 

References

  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık. Aslan, D., & Özcebe, H. (2008). Eğitim kurumlarında sigarasızlık politikaları. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık. Bal, P. N., & Kahraman, S. (2015). The effect of cyber bullying sensibility ımprovement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3(1), 48-57. Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Bayram, N. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Beagrie, S. (2007). How to say no. Occupational Health, 59(8), 3-3. Belgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., & Corneille, M. (2004). The impact of a culturally enhanced drug prevention program on drug and alcohol refusal efficacy among urban African American girls. J. Drug Education, 34(3), 267-279. doi:10.2190/H40Y-D098-GCFA-EL74 Bishop, S. (2010). Develop your assertivneness. London: Kogan Page. Blair, H. (2008). Politely say no to personal or professional requests. ONS Connect, 23(8), 23-23. Bolton, R. (1979). How to assert yourself, listen to others, and resolve conflicts. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. Bragger, J. D. (1982). Responses to teacher commands: An effective teaching strategy. The Modern Language Journal, 66(1), 9-12. doi:10.2307/327809 Breitman, P., & Hatch, C. (2011). How to say no without feeling guilty. London: Vermilion. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Caldarella, P., & Merrell, K. (1997). Common dimensions of social skills of children and adolescents: A taxonomy of positive behaviors. School Psychology Review, 26, 264-278. Clark, C. C. (2003). Holistic assertiveness skills for nurses: Empower yourself and others. New York: Springer. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Dalley, D. (2013). Developing your assertiveness skills. Lancashire: Universe of Learning. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-197. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4 Deering, C. G. (1996). Working with people: Learning to say no. American Journal of Nursing, 96(4), 62-64. doi:10.2307/3465096 DeJong, W. (1986). Project DARE: Teaching kids to say "no" to drugs and alcohol. Washington, DC: National Inst. of Justice. Durualp, E., & Aral, N. (2010). A study on the effects of play-based social skills training on social skills of six-year-old children. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, (39), 160-172. Elliott, M., Browne, K., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(5), 579-594. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00017-3 Eslami, A. A., Mazaheri, M. A., Mostafavi, F., Abbasi, M. H., & Noroozi, E. (2014). Farsi version of social skills rating system-secondary student form: Cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 97-104. García-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., & Hinojosa, E. (2004). Assessing time management skills as an important aspect of student learning: The construction and evaluation of a time management scale with Spanish high school students. School Psychology International, 25(2), 167-183. doi:10.1177/0143034304043684 Garner, E. (2012). Assertiveness: Re-claim your assertive brightright, Retrieved from http://www.gesp.ipg.pt/files/assertiveness.pdf Gresham, F. M., & Elliot, S. N. (1990). Social skills rating system. MN: American Guidance. Gündoğdu, R. (2012). Effect of the creative drama-based assertiveness program on the assertiveness skill of psychological counsellor candidates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(2), 677-693. Herrmann, D. S., & McWhirter, J. J. (1997). Refusal and resistance skills for children and adolescents: A selected review. Journal of Counseling & Development, 177-187. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1997.tb02331.x Holland, S., & Ward, C. (1990). Assertiveness: A practical approach. Oxon: Speechmark. İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2013). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of an online learning readiness scale. Educational Technology: Theory and Practice, 3(2), 72-101. Kersey, K. C., & Masterson, M. L. (2011). Learn to say yes! When you want to say no! to create cooperation instead of resistance. Young Children, 66(4), 40-44. Lecler, B., Wortley, R., & Smallbone, S. (2011). Victim resistance in child sexual abuse: A look into the efficacy of self-protection strategies based on the offender's experience. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1868-1883. doi:10.1177/ 0886260510372941 Leming, J. S. (1997). Whither Goes Character Education? Objectives, Pedagogy, and Research in Education Programs. Journal of Education, 179(2), 11-34. Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Philips, A. P. (1990). College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational PSychology, 82(4), 760-768. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760 Mackenzie, A., & Nickerson, P. (2009). The time trap. New York: American Management Association. Moon, J. (2009). Achieving success through academic assertiveness: Real life strategies for today's higher education students. New York: Routledge. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Berkshire: Open University. Paterson, R. J. (2000). How to express your ideas and stand up for yourself at work and in relationships. Oakland: New Harbinger. Pfeiffer, R. (2010). Relationships: Assertiveness skills. Sedona, AZ: Growth. Potter, J. V. (2007). Assertiveness, individuation & autonomy. Redding: Jubilee Enterprises AFS. Potts, C., & Potts, S. (2013). Assertiveness: How to be strong in every situation. Cornwall: TJ International. Rees, S., & Graham, R. S. (1991). Assertion training: How to be who you reaaly are. London: Routledge. Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., & Griffin, K. W. (1999). Social skills, competence, and drug refusal efficacy as predictors of adolescent alcohol use. J. Drug Educatıon, 29(3), 251-578. doi:10.2190/M3CT-WWJM-5JAQ-WP15 Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPPS’le veri analizi (3. baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Smith, M. J. (1998). “Hayır” dediğimde kendimi suçlu hissediyorum (G. Güvenç, Çev.). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği. Szpalski, M., Gunzburg, R., & De Kleuver, M. (2003). Unethical research funding contracts: Just say no! European Spine Journal, 12(2), 107-107. doi:10.1007/ s00586-003-0551-x Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları. Tokur Kesgin, M. (2012). Protection of children from hazards of smoking: Community health nurse and primary responsibilities. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal, 19(1), 90-96. Tuna Özcivanoğlu, M. E. (2010). Structured group counseling program: Assertiveness skills. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 10(1), 11-19. Vaz, S., Parsons, R., Passmore, A. E., Andreou, P., & Falkmer, T. (2013). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability and measurement error of the self-report version of the social skills rating system in a sample of Australian adolescents. Plos One, 8(9), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073924

The Scale Of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity And Reliability Analysis

Year 2018, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 33 - 48, 31.03.2018
https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.350631

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to develop a scale
for assessing children’s ability to say “no”. The participants included in the study
are the area experts that helped to achieve content validity, and fourth
graders who are asked to score the items in the SN to have an idea about the
construct validity, measurement reliability and item discrimination of the item
in the scale. In this study, four different drafts of the SN which contained 24
items of 3-pointed Likert type, 22 items of 3-pointed Likert type, 12 items of
3-pointed Likert type and 12 items of 5-pointed Likert type were used. In order
to evaluate the content validity of the SN, the experts’ opinions were
received. For the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor
analyses were conducted. Reliability of measurements obtained with the SN was
analyzed by using the methods of Cronbach’s Alpha and Split-half. An opinion
was formed about the distinctiveness of items in the scale setting out from the
corrected item total correlations (CITC) and the results of the independent
samples t-tests. The results of the study showed that the SN can be used as a
data collection tool, and is able to produce valid and reliable interpretations
in studies that aim to explore children’s ability to say “no”.  

References

  • Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık. Aslan, D., & Özcebe, H. (2008). Eğitim kurumlarında sigarasızlık politikaları. Ankara: Klasmat Matbaacılık. Bal, P. N., & Kahraman, S. (2015). The effect of cyber bullying sensibility ımprovement group training program on gifted students. Journal of Gifted Education Research, 3(1), 48-57. Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Bayram, N. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Beagrie, S. (2007). How to say no. Occupational Health, 59(8), 3-3. Belgrave, F. Z., Reed, M. C., Plybon, L. E., & Corneille, M. (2004). The impact of a culturally enhanced drug prevention program on drug and alcohol refusal efficacy among urban African American girls. J. Drug Education, 34(3), 267-279. doi:10.2190/H40Y-D098-GCFA-EL74 Bishop, S. (2010). Develop your assertivneness. London: Kogan Page. Blair, H. (2008). Politely say no to personal or professional requests. ONS Connect, 23(8), 23-23. Bolton, R. (1979). How to assert yourself, listen to others, and resolve conflicts. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. Bragger, J. D. (1982). Responses to teacher commands: An effective teaching strategy. The Modern Language Journal, 66(1), 9-12. doi:10.2307/327809 Breitman, P., & Hatch, C. (2011). How to say no without feeling guilty. London: Vermilion. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Caldarella, P., & Merrell, K. (1997). Common dimensions of social skills of children and adolescents: A taxonomy of positive behaviors. School Psychology Review, 26, 264-278. Clark, C. C. (2003). Holistic assertiveness skills for nurses: Empower yourself and others. New York: Springer. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Dalley, D. (2013). Developing your assertiveness skills. Lancashire: Universe of Learning. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-197. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4 Deering, C. G. (1996). Working with people: Learning to say no. American Journal of Nursing, 96(4), 62-64. doi:10.2307/3465096 DeJong, W. (1986). Project DARE: Teaching kids to say "no" to drugs and alcohol. Washington, DC: National Inst. of Justice. Durualp, E., & Aral, N. (2010). A study on the effects of play-based social skills training on social skills of six-year-old children. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, (39), 160-172. Elliott, M., Browne, K., & Kilcoyne, J. (1995). Child sexual abuse prevention: What offenders tell us. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(5), 579-594. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00017-3 Eslami, A. A., Mazaheri, M. A., Mostafavi, F., Abbasi, M. H., & Noroozi, E. (2014). Farsi version of social skills rating system-secondary student form: Cultural adaptation, reliability and construct validity. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 97-104. García-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., & Hinojosa, E. (2004). Assessing time management skills as an important aspect of student learning: The construction and evaluation of a time management scale with Spanish high school students. School Psychology International, 25(2), 167-183. doi:10.1177/0143034304043684 Garner, E. (2012). Assertiveness: Re-claim your assertive brightright, Retrieved from http://www.gesp.ipg.pt/files/assertiveness.pdf Gresham, F. M., & Elliot, S. N. (1990). Social skills rating system. MN: American Guidance. Gündoğdu, R. (2012). Effect of the creative drama-based assertiveness program on the assertiveness skill of psychological counsellor candidates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(2), 677-693. Herrmann, D. S., & McWhirter, J. J. (1997). Refusal and resistance skills for children and adolescents: A selected review. Journal of Counseling & Development, 177-187. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1997.tb02331.x Holland, S., & Ward, C. (1990). Assertiveness: A practical approach. Oxon: Speechmark. İlhan, M., & Çetin, B. (2013). The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of an online learning readiness scale. Educational Technology: Theory and Practice, 3(2), 72-101. Kersey, K. C., & Masterson, M. L. (2011). Learn to say yes! When you want to say no! to create cooperation instead of resistance. Young Children, 66(4), 40-44. Lecler, B., Wortley, R., & Smallbone, S. (2011). Victim resistance in child sexual abuse: A look into the efficacy of self-protection strategies based on the offender's experience. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1868-1883. doi:10.1177/ 0886260510372941 Leming, J. S. (1997). Whither Goes Character Education? Objectives, Pedagogy, and Research in Education Programs. Journal of Education, 179(2), 11-34. Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Philips, A. P. (1990). College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational PSychology, 82(4), 760-768. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760 Mackenzie, A., & Nickerson, P. (2009). The time trap. New York: American Management Association. Moon, J. (2009). Achieving success through academic assertiveness: Real life strategies for today's higher education students. New York: Routledge. Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS for windows. Berkshire: Open University. Paterson, R. J. (2000). How to express your ideas and stand up for yourself at work and in relationships. Oakland: New Harbinger. Pfeiffer, R. (2010). Relationships: Assertiveness skills. Sedona, AZ: Growth. Potter, J. V. (2007). Assertiveness, individuation & autonomy. Redding: Jubilee Enterprises AFS. Potts, C., & Potts, S. (2013). Assertiveness: How to be strong in every situation. Cornwall: TJ International. Rees, S., & Graham, R. S. (1991). Assertion training: How to be who you reaaly are. London: Routledge. Scheier, L. M., Botvin, G. J., Diaz, T., & Griffin, K. W. (1999). Social skills, competence, and drug refusal efficacy as predictors of adolescent alcohol use. J. Drug Educatıon, 29(3), 251-578. doi:10.2190/M3CT-WWJM-5JAQ-WP15 Seçer, İ. (2013). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Sipahi, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPPS’le veri analizi (3. baskı). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Smith, M. J. (1998). “Hayır” dediğimde kendimi suçlu hissediyorum (G. Güvenç, Çev.). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği. Szpalski, M., Gunzburg, R., & De Kleuver, M. (2003). Unethical research funding contracts: Just say no! European Spine Journal, 12(2), 107-107. doi:10.1007/ s00586-003-0551-x Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınları. Tokur Kesgin, M. (2012). Protection of children from hazards of smoking: Community health nurse and primary responsibilities. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing Journal, 19(1), 90-96. Tuna Özcivanoğlu, M. E. (2010). Structured group counseling program: Assertiveness skills. Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 10(1), 11-19. Vaz, S., Parsons, R., Passmore, A. E., Andreou, P., & Falkmer, T. (2013). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability and measurement error of the self-report version of the social skills rating system in a sample of Australian adolescents. Plos One, 8(9), 1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073924
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ferat Yılmaz

M. Akif Sözer

Publication Date March 31, 2018
Acceptance Date February 10, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz, F., & Sözer, M. A. (2018). The Scale Of Being Able to Say “No” For Children: Validity And Reliability Analysis. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.350631