Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Jeotermal Suların Uygulama Alanları ve Çevresel Problemler

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 325 - 332, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.999121

Abstract

Günümüzde artan enerji ihtiyacı, fosil yakıtların yenilenememesi, maliyet, olumsuz çevresel ve atmosferik etkiler nedeniyle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelim artmaktadır. Hidroelektrik, rüzgar, güneş, jeotermal, dalga ve biyokütle kaynakları yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Jeotermal enerji, çevreci ve yenilenebilir yapısının yanında farklı kullanım alanlarına uygunluğu nedeni ile alternatif olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Jeotermal kaynakların çok çeşitli ve geniş kullanım alanları olmasıyla birlikte başlıca kullanım uygulamaları; elektrik üretimi, merkezi ısıtma ve soğutma, meyve ve sebzelerin kurutulması, sera ve toprak ısıtılması, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, yüzme, banyo ve sağlık amaçlı kullanımlardır. Jeotermal sistemlerin çoğu yüksek sıcaklık, basınç, buhar ve jeotermal akışkanları içermektedir. Jeotermal akışkanların bileşimleri lityum (Li), bor (B), arsenik (As), kalsiyum (Ca2+), magnezyum (Mg2+), demir (Fe), sülfat (SO42-) ve klorür (Cl-) gibi çeşitli bileşenlerden oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca jeotermal buhar belirli miktarda cıva, hidrojen sülfür, amonyak, metan ve radon gibi elementleri de içerebilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra jeotermal sulardaki bor, arsenik ve lityum gibi elementler insan sağlığı, tarım arazileri ve su ortamları için çeşitli olumsuz etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bu tip içeriklere sahip olan jeotermal sular, alıcı ortamlara deşarj edildiklerinde sucul yaşam, sulama suyu ve içme suyu üzerinde toksik çevresel etkilere sahiptir. Bu sebeple, jeotermal suların çeşitli yöntemlerle arıtılması gerekmektedir. Jeotermal akışkanın kimyasal özelliklerine bağlı olarak karşılaşılan sorunlardan bir diğeri de, orta ve yüksek sıcaklıktaki jeotermal sistemlerdeki tortulaşma ve korozyon problemleridir. Silika (SiO2), jeotermal enerji santrallerinde tortulaşmaya sebep olan ana bileşendir. Karbondioksit (CO2) varlığında oluşan korozyon ise, jeotermal sistemlerde en çok karşılaşılan durumlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada, jeotermal suların kimyasal özellikleri, uygulama alanları ve çevresel problemleri değerlendirilmiştir.

References

  • Aksoy, N. (2014). Power generation from geothermal resources in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 68, 595-601.
  • Allis, R., Bromley, C., & Currie, S. (2009). Update on subsidence at the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system, New Zealand. Geothermics, 38(1), 169-180.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 209-222.
  • Anderson, A., & Rezaie, B. (2019). Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future. Applied Energy, 248, 18-34.
  • Arnorsson, S., Thorhallsson, S., & Stefansson, A. (2015). Chapter 71-Utilization of Geothermal Resources. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition), pp. 1235-1252.
  • Aydıngöz, M. (2005). Afyonkarahisar Bölgesinde Bulunan Kaplıca Sularının Mevsimsel Analizi. Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 93s, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Baba, A., Uzelli, T., & Sozbilir, H. (2021). Distribution of geothermal arsenic in relation to geothermal play types: A global review and case study from the Anatolian plate (Turkey). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 125510.
  • Barbier, E. (2002). Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 6(1-2), 3-65.
  • Bayer, P., Rybach, L., Blum, P., & Brauchler, R. (2013). Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 446-463.
  • Bertani, R. (2016). Deep geothermal energy for heating and cooling. In Renewable Heating and Cooling (pp. 67-88). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Breeze, P. (2019). Chapter 12-Geothermal Power. Power Generation Technologies (Third Edition), pp. 275-291.
  • British Petroleum (BP), 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. p. 9, London, UK.
  • Cao, Y., Guo, Q., Zhuang, Y., Yu, Z., Guo, W., Zhang, C., ... & Ren, T. (2017). Removal of harmful constituents from geothermal water by selected anion clays. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 17, 161-164.
  • Clark, C. E., Harto, C. B., Sullivan, J. L., & Wang, M. Q. (2010). Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants (No. ANL/EVS/R-10/5). Argonne National Lab.(ANL), Argonne, IL (United States).
  • Çakın, A., Gökçen, G., & Eroğlu, A. (2005). Jeotermal Uygulamaların Çevresel Etkileri: Balçova Jeotermal Bölgesel Isıtma Sistemi Örneği.
  • Dickson, M. H., & Fanelli, M. (2004). What is geothermal energy? International geothermal association. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2019.
  • Dincer, I., & Ozcan, H. (2018). Geothermal Energy. Comprehensive Energy Systems, vol. 1, pp. 702-732.
  • DiPippo, R. (1991). Geothermal energy electricity generation and environmental impact. Energy Policy, 19(8), 798-807.
  • DiPippo, R. (2012). Geothermal power plants: principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • DiPippo, R. (2016). Chapter 23-Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plants. Geothermal Power Plants (Fourth Edition), pp. 657-684.
  • DiPippo, R., Renner, J. L. (2014). Geothermal energy. In Future Energy (pp. 471-492). Elsevier.
  • Enerji Atlası, (2021). Jeotermal Enerji Santralleri. https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/jeotermal/ Son Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2021.
  • Enerji Portalı, (2021). Dünyada ve Ülkemizde Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Geleceği. https://www.enerjiportali.com/dunyada-ve-ulkemizde-gelecek-yenilenebilir-enerjinin/ Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB), 2021. Yenilenebilir Enerji, Kaynaklar, Jeotermal. https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklar-jeotermal Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • Er, S. (2016). Aydın-Buharkent Yöresindeki Jeotermal Sularında Bazı Kirletici Parametrelerin Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 129s, Aydın.
  • ETKB, (2020). 2019-2023 Stratejik Planı. https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ETKB-2019-2023_Stratejik_Plan%C4%B1.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Finster, M., Clark, C., Schroeder, J., & Martino, L. (2015). Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 952-966.
  • Gallup, D. L., & Von Hirtz, P. (2015). Control of silica-based scales in cooling and geothermal systems. In Mineral Scales and Deposits (pp. 573-582). Elsevier.
  • Gelegenis, J., Dalabakis, P., & Ilias, A. (2006). Heating of a fish wintering pond using low-temperature geothermal fluids, Porto Lagos, Greece. Geothermics, 35(1), 87-103.
  • Geothermal Communities (GC), 2019. Geothermal Systems and Technologie-Chemistry of Thermal Fluids. pp. 36-47, https://geothermalcommunities.eu/assets/elearning/3.2.Corrosion&Scalling.pdf Available: 21.10.2019.
  • Gezmiş Yavuz, E. (2018). Hava Boşluklu/Vakum Membran Distilasyonu Prosesleri Kullanılarak Jeotermal Sulardan Bor Giderimi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64s, İstanbul.
  • Gokcen, G., Kocar, G., & Hepbasli, A. (2003). Year-end geothermal development status of Turkey, 2002. Proceedings of IGC2003,“Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources”, Iceland S, 10, 9-13.
  • Gunerhan, G.G., Kocar, G., & Hepbasli, A. (2001). Geothermal Energy Utilization in Turkey. Internatıonal Journal of Energy Research, 25(9), 769-784.
  • Haklidir, F. T., & Haklidir, M. (2017). Fuzzy control of calcium carbonate and silica scales in geothermal systems. Geothermics, 70, 230-238.
  • Hepbasli, A., & Canakci, C. (2003). Geothermal district heating applications in Turkey: a case study of Izmir–Balcova. Energy Conversion and Management, 44(8), 1285-1301.
  • Hepbasli, A., & Ozgener, L. (2004). Development of geothermal energy utilization in Turkey: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8(5), 433-460.
  • Hoang, T. A. (2015). Mechanisms of scale formation and inhibition. In Mineral Scales and Deposits (pp. 47-83). Elsevier.
  • Hondo, H., & Moriizumi, Y. (2017). Employment creation potential of renewable power generation technologies: A life cycle approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 128-136.
  • Huttrer, G. W. (2020, April). Geothermal power generation in the world 2015-2020 update report. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress (Vol. 2020, p. 17).
  • Ilgar, R. (2005). Ekolojik Bakışla Jeotermal Kaynaklarda Dualist Yaklaşım. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (elektronik), 4 (13), 88-98.
  • International Geothermal Association (IGA), 2018. Geothermal Quick Guide, International Geothermal Association Inc. pp. 1-9. https://www.geothermal-energy.org/explore/what-is-geothermal/ Erişim tarihi: 28.09.2019.
  • Kalıncı, Y. (2006). Dikili’de Jeotermal Bölgesel Isıtma Sisteminin Araştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 98s, İzmir.
  • Kaya, T., & Hoshan, P. (2005, April). Corrosion and material selection for geothermal systems. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress (Vol. 2005, pp. 24-29).
  • Ketilsson, J., Petursdottir, H. T., Thoroddsen, S., Oddsdottir, A. L., Bragadottir, E. R., Guðmundsdóttir, M., & Johannesson, G. A. (2015). Legal framework and national policy for geothermal development in Iceland. In Proceedings of the 2015 World Geothermal Congress (WGC, 2015).
  • Khare, V., Khare, C., Nema, S., & Baredar, P. (2019). Chapter 1-Introduction to Energy Sources. Tidal Energy Systems, pp. 1-39.
  • Kim, K. H., Ree, J. H., Kim, Y., Kim, S., Kang, S. Y., & Seo, W. (2018). Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event. Science, 360(6392), 1007-1009.
  • Koç, E., & Şenel, M. C. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de enerji durumu-genel değerlendirme. Mühendis ve Makina, 54(639), 32-44.
  • Kumoro, A. C., & Kristanto, D. (2003). Preliminary study on the utilization of geothermal energy for drying of agricultural product.
  • Külekçi, Ö.C. (2010). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Arasında Jeotermal Enerjinin Yeri ve Türkiye Açısından Önemi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, sf. 83-91, Ankara.
  • Li, K., Bian, H., Liu, C., Zhang, D., & Yang, Y. (2015). Comparison of geothermal with solar and wind power generation systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1464-1474.
  • Lienau, P. J., & Lunis, B. C. (1991). Geothermal direct use engineering and design guidebook. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 92, 24030.
  • Lund, J. W. (2007b). Development and utilization of geothermal resources. In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I-Vol. V) (pp. 87-95). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Lund, J. W., & Boyd, T. L. (2016). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review. Geothermics, 60, 66-93.
  • Lund, J. W., & Toth, A. N. (2020). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics, 101915.
  • Lund, J.W. (2007a). Characteristics, Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1-9.
  • Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA), 2021. Türkiye Jeotermal Enerji Potansiyeli ve Arama Çalışmaları. https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/arastirmalar/jeotermal-enerji-arastirmalari. Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2021.
  • Melikoglu, M. (2017). Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkey's Vision 2023 energy targets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 485-492.
  • Mertoglu, O., Simsek, S., Basarir, N., & Paksoy, H. (2019, June). Geothermal energy use, country update for Turkey. In Proceedings of the European Geothermal Congress, Den Haag, The Netherlands (pp. 11-14).
  • Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Sanjuan, B., Kohl, T., Steger, H., & Zorn, R. (2013). Corrosion and scaling as interrelated phenomena in an operating geothermal power plant. Corrosion Science, 70, 17-28.
  • Nogara, J., & Zarrouk, S. J. (2018). Corrosion in geothermal environment: Part 1: Fluids and their impact. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1333-1346.
  • Özbek, T. (2011). Jeotermal Kaynakların Sağlık ve Termal Turizmde Değerlendirilmesi. Jeofizik Bülteni, 68, 27-37.
  • Pambudi, N. A., Itoi, R., Yamashiro, R., Alam, B. Y. C. S., Tusara, L., Jalilinasrabady, S., & Khasani, J. (2015). The behavior of silica in geothermal brine from Dieng geothermal power plant, Indonesia. Geothermics, 54, 109-114.
  • Pan, S. Y., Gao, M., Shah, K. J., Zheng, J., Pei, S. L., & Chiang, P. C. (2019). Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: barriers and strategies. Renewable Energy, 132, 19-32.
  • Panagiotou, C. (1996). Geothermal greenhouse design. United Nations University. pp. 219-250.
  • Popovski, K. (2009). Agricultural and Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy in Europe. International Geothermal Days Slovakia, Conference & Summer School, Castá-Papiernicka, Slovakia, Session III.1, p. 11, 2009.
  • Popovski, K., & Vasilevska, S. P. (2003). Prospects and problems for geothermal use in agriculture in Europe. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 545-555.
  • Purnomo, B. J., & Pichler, T. (2014). Geothermal systems on the island of Java, Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 285, 47-59.
  • Santos, J. J., Rodríguez, C. E., Carvalho, M., Barone, M. A., Palacio, J. C., & Carrillo, R. A. (2018). Geothermal Power. In Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies (pp. 173-205). Elsevier.
  • Shortall, R., Davidsdottir, B., & Axelsson, G. (2015). Geothermal energy for sustainable development: A review of sustainability impacts and assessment frameworks. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 44, 391-406.
  • Soelaiman, T.A.F. (2016). Chapter 7-Geothermal Energy. Electric Renewable Energy Systems, 114-139.
  • Soltani, M., Kashkooli, F. M., Souri, M., Rafiei, B., Jabarifar, M., Gharali, K., & Nathwani, J. S. (2021). Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 140, 110750.
  • Sowizdzal, A. (2018). Geothermal energy resources in Poland–overview of the current state of knowledge. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 4020-4027.
  • Tester, J. W., Anderson, B. J., Batchelor, A. S., Blackwell, D. D., DiPippo, R., Drake, E. M., Garnish, Livesay, J., Moore, B., Nichols, M.C., Petty, K., Toksoz, S., & Veatch, M.N.R.W. (2006). The future of geothermal energy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 358.
  • Toth, A., & Bobok, E., Chapter 1-What Is Geothermal Energy? Flow and Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems, pp. 1-19.
  • Towler, B.F. (2014). Chapter 11-Geothermal Energy. The Future of Energy, pp. 237-256.
  • Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. (TEİAŞ), 2021. Santral Kurulu Güç Raporları, Şubat 2021 Kurulu Güç Raporu. https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurulu-guc-raporlari Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Türkiye Jeotermal Derneği (TJD), 2021. Dünya’da Jeotermal. http://www.jeotermaldernegi.org.tr/sayfalar-Dunya-da-Jeotermal. Son Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2021.
  • Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası (TSKB) Enerji Bülteni, (2021). Aylık Enerji Bülteni Şubat 2021. https://www.tskb.com.tr/i/assets/document/pdf/enerji-bulteni-subat-2021.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • Van den Heuvel, D. B., Gunnlaugsson, E., Gunnarsson, I., Stawski, T. M., Peacock, C. L., & Benning, L. G. (2018). Understanding amorphous silica scaling under well-constrained conditions inside geothermal pipelines. Geothermics, 76, 231-241.
  • Van Nguyen, M., Arason, S., Gissurarson, M., & Pálsson, P. G. (2015). Uses of geothermal energy in food and agriculture. Opportunities for Developing Countries.
  • Vasquez, N. C., Bernardo, R. O., & Cornelio, R. L. (1992). Industrial uses of geothermal energy a framework for application in a developing country. Geothermics, 21(5-6), 733-743.
  • Xia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019). An overview of world geothermal power generation and a case study on China-The resource and market perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 411-423.
  • Yanar, P. (2015). Ege Bölgesi Jeotermal Sularında Lityum, Bor ve Arsenik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi ve Bu Elementlerin Jeotermal Sulardan Seçimli Olarak Ayrılması. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 171s, İzmir.
  • Yavuz, E. (2010). Removal of Boron from Geothermal Waters by Reverse Osmosis Method. Ege University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Master of Science Thesis, p. 134, İzmir.
  • Yılmaz-İpek, İ. (2009). Boron Removal from Geothermal Water by Ion Exchange-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process. Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis, p. 268, İzmir.

Application Areas of Geothermal Waters and Environmental Problems

Year 2021, Issue: 28, 325 - 332, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.999121

Abstract

Today, the trend towards renewable energy sources is increasing due to the increasing energy demand, non-renewable fossil fuels, costs, negative environmental and atmospheric effects. Hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, wave and biomass sources are classified as renewable energy sources. Geothermal energy stands out as an alternative due to its environmentally-friendly and renewable nature, as well as its suitability for different usage areas. Although geothermal resources have a wide range of uses, the main usage applications are; electricity generation, central heating and cooling, drying of fruits and vegetables, greenhouse and soil heating, aquaculture, swimming, bathing and health purposes. Most of these systems involve high temperature, pressure, steam and geothermal fluids. The compositions of geothermal fluids consist of various components such as lithium (Li), boron (B), arsenic (As), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe), sulfate (SO42-), and chloride (Cl-). In addition, geothermal steam may contain certain amounts of elements such as mercury, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane and radon. Also, elements such as boron, arsenic and lithium in geothermal waters cause various negative effects on human health, agricultural lands and aquatic environments. Geothermal waters, which have various contents, may have toxic environmental effects on aquatic life, irrigation water and drinking water when they discharged into receiving environments. For this reason, it is necessary to treat geothermal waters by various methods. Another problem encountered depending on the chemical properties of the geothermal fluid is scaling and corrosion problems in medium and high temperature geothermal systems. Silica (SiO2) is the main component that causes scaling in geothermal power plants. Corrosion in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most common situations in geothermal systems. In this study, the chemical properties, application areas and environmental problems of geothermal waters were evaluated.

References

  • Aksoy, N. (2014). Power generation from geothermal resources in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 68, 595-601.
  • Allis, R., Bromley, C., & Currie, S. (2009). Update on subsidence at the Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system, New Zealand. Geothermics, 38(1), 169-180.
  • Al-Mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 209-222.
  • Anderson, A., & Rezaie, B. (2019). Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future. Applied Energy, 248, 18-34.
  • Arnorsson, S., Thorhallsson, S., & Stefansson, A. (2015). Chapter 71-Utilization of Geothermal Resources. The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition), pp. 1235-1252.
  • Aydıngöz, M. (2005). Afyonkarahisar Bölgesinde Bulunan Kaplıca Sularının Mevsimsel Analizi. Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 93s, Afyonkarahisar.
  • Baba, A., Uzelli, T., & Sozbilir, H. (2021). Distribution of geothermal arsenic in relation to geothermal play types: A global review and case study from the Anatolian plate (Turkey). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 125510.
  • Barbier, E. (2002). Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 6(1-2), 3-65.
  • Bayer, P., Rybach, L., Blum, P., & Brauchler, R. (2013). Review on life cycle environmental effects of geothermal power generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 446-463.
  • Bertani, R. (2016). Deep geothermal energy for heating and cooling. In Renewable Heating and Cooling (pp. 67-88). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Breeze, P. (2019). Chapter 12-Geothermal Power. Power Generation Technologies (Third Edition), pp. 275-291.
  • British Petroleum (BP), 2019. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. p. 9, London, UK.
  • Cao, Y., Guo, Q., Zhuang, Y., Yu, Z., Guo, W., Zhang, C., ... & Ren, T. (2017). Removal of harmful constituents from geothermal water by selected anion clays. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 17, 161-164.
  • Clark, C. E., Harto, C. B., Sullivan, J. L., & Wang, M. Q. (2010). Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants (No. ANL/EVS/R-10/5). Argonne National Lab.(ANL), Argonne, IL (United States).
  • Çakın, A., Gökçen, G., & Eroğlu, A. (2005). Jeotermal Uygulamaların Çevresel Etkileri: Balçova Jeotermal Bölgesel Isıtma Sistemi Örneği.
  • Dickson, M. H., & Fanelli, M. (2004). What is geothermal energy? International geothermal association. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2019.
  • Dincer, I., & Ozcan, H. (2018). Geothermal Energy. Comprehensive Energy Systems, vol. 1, pp. 702-732.
  • DiPippo, R. (1991). Geothermal energy electricity generation and environmental impact. Energy Policy, 19(8), 798-807.
  • DiPippo, R. (2012). Geothermal power plants: principles, applications, case studies and environmental impact. Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • DiPippo, R. (2016). Chapter 23-Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plants. Geothermal Power Plants (Fourth Edition), pp. 657-684.
  • DiPippo, R., Renner, J. L. (2014). Geothermal energy. In Future Energy (pp. 471-492). Elsevier.
  • Enerji Atlası, (2021). Jeotermal Enerji Santralleri. https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/jeotermal/ Son Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2021.
  • Enerji Portalı, (2021). Dünyada ve Ülkemizde Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Geleceği. https://www.enerjiportali.com/dunyada-ve-ulkemizde-gelecek-yenilenebilir-enerjinin/ Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı (ETKB), 2021. Yenilenebilir Enerji, Kaynaklar, Jeotermal. https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklar-jeotermal Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • Er, S. (2016). Aydın-Buharkent Yöresindeki Jeotermal Sularında Bazı Kirletici Parametrelerin Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 129s, Aydın.
  • ETKB, (2020). 2019-2023 Stratejik Planı. https://enerji.mmo.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ETKB-2019-2023_Stratejik_Plan%C4%B1.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Finster, M., Clark, C., Schroeder, J., & Martino, L. (2015). Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 952-966.
  • Gallup, D. L., & Von Hirtz, P. (2015). Control of silica-based scales in cooling and geothermal systems. In Mineral Scales and Deposits (pp. 573-582). Elsevier.
  • Gelegenis, J., Dalabakis, P., & Ilias, A. (2006). Heating of a fish wintering pond using low-temperature geothermal fluids, Porto Lagos, Greece. Geothermics, 35(1), 87-103.
  • Geothermal Communities (GC), 2019. Geothermal Systems and Technologie-Chemistry of Thermal Fluids. pp. 36-47, https://geothermalcommunities.eu/assets/elearning/3.2.Corrosion&Scalling.pdf Available: 21.10.2019.
  • Gezmiş Yavuz, E. (2018). Hava Boşluklu/Vakum Membran Distilasyonu Prosesleri Kullanılarak Jeotermal Sulardan Bor Giderimi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64s, İstanbul.
  • Gokcen, G., Kocar, G., & Hepbasli, A. (2003). Year-end geothermal development status of Turkey, 2002. Proceedings of IGC2003,“Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources”, Iceland S, 10, 9-13.
  • Gunerhan, G.G., Kocar, G., & Hepbasli, A. (2001). Geothermal Energy Utilization in Turkey. Internatıonal Journal of Energy Research, 25(9), 769-784.
  • Haklidir, F. T., & Haklidir, M. (2017). Fuzzy control of calcium carbonate and silica scales in geothermal systems. Geothermics, 70, 230-238.
  • Hepbasli, A., & Canakci, C. (2003). Geothermal district heating applications in Turkey: a case study of Izmir–Balcova. Energy Conversion and Management, 44(8), 1285-1301.
  • Hepbasli, A., & Ozgener, L. (2004). Development of geothermal energy utilization in Turkey: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8(5), 433-460.
  • Hoang, T. A. (2015). Mechanisms of scale formation and inhibition. In Mineral Scales and Deposits (pp. 47-83). Elsevier.
  • Hondo, H., & Moriizumi, Y. (2017). Employment creation potential of renewable power generation technologies: A life cycle approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 128-136.
  • Huttrer, G. W. (2020, April). Geothermal power generation in the world 2015-2020 update report. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress (Vol. 2020, p. 17).
  • Ilgar, R. (2005). Ekolojik Bakışla Jeotermal Kaynaklarda Dualist Yaklaşım. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (elektronik), 4 (13), 88-98.
  • International Geothermal Association (IGA), 2018. Geothermal Quick Guide, International Geothermal Association Inc. pp. 1-9. https://www.geothermal-energy.org/explore/what-is-geothermal/ Erişim tarihi: 28.09.2019.
  • Kalıncı, Y. (2006). Dikili’de Jeotermal Bölgesel Isıtma Sisteminin Araştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 98s, İzmir.
  • Kaya, T., & Hoshan, P. (2005, April). Corrosion and material selection for geothermal systems. In Proceedings World Geothermal Congress (Vol. 2005, pp. 24-29).
  • Ketilsson, J., Petursdottir, H. T., Thoroddsen, S., Oddsdottir, A. L., Bragadottir, E. R., Guðmundsdóttir, M., & Johannesson, G. A. (2015). Legal framework and national policy for geothermal development in Iceland. In Proceedings of the 2015 World Geothermal Congress (WGC, 2015).
  • Khare, V., Khare, C., Nema, S., & Baredar, P. (2019). Chapter 1-Introduction to Energy Sources. Tidal Energy Systems, pp. 1-39.
  • Kim, K. H., Ree, J. H., Kim, Y., Kim, S., Kang, S. Y., & Seo, W. (2018). Assessing whether the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang earthquake in South Korea was an induced event. Science, 360(6392), 1007-1009.
  • Koç, E., & Şenel, M. C. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de enerji durumu-genel değerlendirme. Mühendis ve Makina, 54(639), 32-44.
  • Kumoro, A. C., & Kristanto, D. (2003). Preliminary study on the utilization of geothermal energy for drying of agricultural product.
  • Külekçi, Ö.C. (2010). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Arasında Jeotermal Enerjinin Yeri ve Türkiye Açısından Önemi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü, sf. 83-91, Ankara.
  • Li, K., Bian, H., Liu, C., Zhang, D., & Yang, Y. (2015). Comparison of geothermal with solar and wind power generation systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 1464-1474.
  • Lienau, P. J., & Lunis, B. C. (1991). Geothermal direct use engineering and design guidebook. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 92, 24030.
  • Lund, J. W. (2007b). Development and utilization of geothermal resources. In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I-Vol. V) (pp. 87-95). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Lund, J. W., & Boyd, T. L. (2016). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review. Geothermics, 60, 66-93.
  • Lund, J. W., & Toth, A. N. (2020). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2020 worldwide review. Geothermics, 101915.
  • Lund, J.W. (2007a). Characteristics, Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources. Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1-9.
  • Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü (MTA), 2021. Türkiye Jeotermal Enerji Potansiyeli ve Arama Çalışmaları. https://www.mta.gov.tr/v3.0/arastirmalar/jeotermal-enerji-arastirmalari. Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2021.
  • Melikoglu, M. (2017). Geothermal energy in Turkey and around the World: A review of the literature and an analysis based on Turkey's Vision 2023 energy targets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 485-492.
  • Mertoglu, O., Simsek, S., Basarir, N., & Paksoy, H. (2019, June). Geothermal energy use, country update for Turkey. In Proceedings of the European Geothermal Congress, Den Haag, The Netherlands (pp. 11-14).
  • Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Sanjuan, B., Kohl, T., Steger, H., & Zorn, R. (2013). Corrosion and scaling as interrelated phenomena in an operating geothermal power plant. Corrosion Science, 70, 17-28.
  • Nogara, J., & Zarrouk, S. J. (2018). Corrosion in geothermal environment: Part 1: Fluids and their impact. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 1333-1346.
  • Özbek, T. (2011). Jeotermal Kaynakların Sağlık ve Termal Turizmde Değerlendirilmesi. Jeofizik Bülteni, 68, 27-37.
  • Pambudi, N. A., Itoi, R., Yamashiro, R., Alam, B. Y. C. S., Tusara, L., Jalilinasrabady, S., & Khasani, J. (2015). The behavior of silica in geothermal brine from Dieng geothermal power plant, Indonesia. Geothermics, 54, 109-114.
  • Pan, S. Y., Gao, M., Shah, K. J., Zheng, J., Pei, S. L., & Chiang, P. C. (2019). Establishment of enhanced geothermal energy utilization plans: barriers and strategies. Renewable Energy, 132, 19-32.
  • Panagiotou, C. (1996). Geothermal greenhouse design. United Nations University. pp. 219-250.
  • Popovski, K. (2009). Agricultural and Industrial Uses of Geothermal Energy in Europe. International Geothermal Days Slovakia, Conference & Summer School, Castá-Papiernicka, Slovakia, Session III.1, p. 11, 2009.
  • Popovski, K., & Vasilevska, S. P. (2003). Prospects and problems for geothermal use in agriculture in Europe. Geothermics, 32(4-6), 545-555.
  • Purnomo, B. J., & Pichler, T. (2014). Geothermal systems on the island of Java, Indonesia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 285, 47-59.
  • Santos, J. J., Rodríguez, C. E., Carvalho, M., Barone, M. A., Palacio, J. C., & Carrillo, R. A. (2018). Geothermal Power. In Advances in Renewable Energies and Power Technologies (pp. 173-205). Elsevier.
  • Shortall, R., Davidsdottir, B., & Axelsson, G. (2015). Geothermal energy for sustainable development: A review of sustainability impacts and assessment frameworks. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 44, 391-406.
  • Soelaiman, T.A.F. (2016). Chapter 7-Geothermal Energy. Electric Renewable Energy Systems, 114-139.
  • Soltani, M., Kashkooli, F. M., Souri, M., Rafiei, B., Jabarifar, M., Gharali, K., & Nathwani, J. S. (2021). Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 140, 110750.
  • Sowizdzal, A. (2018). Geothermal energy resources in Poland–overview of the current state of knowledge. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 4020-4027.
  • Tester, J. W., Anderson, B. J., Batchelor, A. S., Blackwell, D. D., DiPippo, R., Drake, E. M., Garnish, Livesay, J., Moore, B., Nichols, M.C., Petty, K., Toksoz, S., & Veatch, M.N.R.W. (2006). The future of geothermal energy. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 358.
  • Toth, A., & Bobok, E., Chapter 1-What Is Geothermal Energy? Flow and Heat Transfer in Geothermal Systems, pp. 1-19.
  • Towler, B.F. (2014). Chapter 11-Geothermal Energy. The Future of Energy, pp. 237-256.
  • Türkiye Elektrik İletim A.Ş. (TEİAŞ), 2021. Santral Kurulu Güç Raporları, Şubat 2021 Kurulu Güç Raporu. https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr-TR/kurulu-guc-raporlari Son Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2021.
  • Türkiye Jeotermal Derneği (TJD), 2021. Dünya’da Jeotermal. http://www.jeotermaldernegi.org.tr/sayfalar-Dunya-da-Jeotermal. Son Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2021.
  • Türkiye Sınai Kalkınma Bankası (TSKB) Enerji Bülteni, (2021). Aylık Enerji Bülteni Şubat 2021. https://www.tskb.com.tr/i/assets/document/pdf/enerji-bulteni-subat-2021.pdf Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2021.
  • Van den Heuvel, D. B., Gunnlaugsson, E., Gunnarsson, I., Stawski, T. M., Peacock, C. L., & Benning, L. G. (2018). Understanding amorphous silica scaling under well-constrained conditions inside geothermal pipelines. Geothermics, 76, 231-241.
  • Van Nguyen, M., Arason, S., Gissurarson, M., & Pálsson, P. G. (2015). Uses of geothermal energy in food and agriculture. Opportunities for Developing Countries.
  • Vasquez, N. C., Bernardo, R. O., & Cornelio, R. L. (1992). Industrial uses of geothermal energy a framework for application in a developing country. Geothermics, 21(5-6), 733-743.
  • Xia, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019). An overview of world geothermal power generation and a case study on China-The resource and market perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 411-423.
  • Yanar, P. (2015). Ege Bölgesi Jeotermal Sularında Lityum, Bor ve Arsenik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi ve Bu Elementlerin Jeotermal Sulardan Seçimli Olarak Ayrılması. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 171s, İzmir.
  • Yavuz, E. (2010). Removal of Boron from Geothermal Waters by Reverse Osmosis Method. Ege University Graduate School of Applied and Natural Sciences, Master of Science Thesis, p. 134, İzmir.
  • Yılmaz-İpek, İ. (2009). Boron Removal from Geothermal Water by Ion Exchange-Membrane Filtration Hybrid Process. Ege University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ph.D. Thesis, p. 268, İzmir.
There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Saadet Acar 0000-0001-6685-4736

Hasan Köseoğlu 0000-0003-0183-208X

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Acar, S., & Köseoğlu, H. (2021). Jeotermal Suların Uygulama Alanları ve Çevresel Problemler. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(28), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.999121