Abstract
Dünyadaki hızlı nüfus artışı, doğal kaynakların etkin kullanılabilmesi adına çevre bilincinin artmasına ve dolayısıyla atıksu arıtma tesislerinin sayı ve kapasitelerinin artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak da ikincil bir kirletici olarak ortaya çıkan arıtma çamurlarının bertarafı ve yeniden kullanımı önemli hale gelmektedir. Çamur bertarafı için uzun yıllardan beri çok çeşitli yöntemler denenmiş, önemli çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Arıtma çamurlarının bitki besin elementleri bakımından zengin olması tarımda kullanma olanaklarının daha fazla irdelenmesine sebep olmuştur. Arıtma çamurlarının tarım alanlarında toprak şartlandırıcı olarak kullanılmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli faktörler; çamurun içerisindeki azot, fosfor ve potasyum gibi besin elementleri, potansiyel toksik maddeler, ağır metaller, patojenler ve parazitlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra poliaromatik hidrokarbonlar, antibiyotikler ve mikroplastiklerin de arıtma çamurlarında bulunma potansiyeli endişe uyandırmaktadır. AB ülkelerinde arıtma çamurunun araziye uygulanması yalnızca 86/278/EEC Direktifinde belirtilen ağır metallerin konsantrasyonuna göre düzenlenmektedir. Bu direktifte ağır metal için sınır değerler verilmişken, diğer kirleticiler için sınır değerler bulunmamakta ve tarımda çamur uygulamasının güvenliğinin sağlanmasına ilişkin mevcut ihtiyaçları karşılamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, arıtma çamurlarının tarımsal amaçlı kullanılabilmesi için ülkemizdeki mevcut yasal düzenlemeler AB Direktifi, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan mevzuatları ile karşılaştırılarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
References
- European Commission /2008/98, Waste Framework Directive (Avrupa Birliği Atık Çerçeve Direktifi).
- Grobelak, A., Grosser, A., Kacprzak, M., & Kamizela, T. (2019). Sewage sludge processing and management in small and medium-sized municipal wastewater treatment plant-new technical solution. Journal of Environmental Management, 234(15), 90-96.
- Seleiman,M., Santanen,F. A., & Mäkelä ,P.S.A. (2020). Recycling sludge on cropland as fertilizer – advantages and risks. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104647.
- Hudcová, H., Vymazal, J., & Rozkošný, M. (2019). Present restrictions of sewage sludge application in agriculture within the European Union. Soil and Water Research, 14(2), 104-120.
- D'Imporzano, G., & Adani, F. (2023). Measuring the environmental impacts of sewage sludge use in agriculture in comparison with the incineration alternative. Science of The Total Environment, 905, 167025.
- Singh, R.P., & Agrawal, M. (2008). Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28(2) 347-358.
- Buta, M., Hubeny, J., Zieliński, W., Harnisz, M., & Korzeniewska, E., (2021). Sewage sludge in agriculture – the effects of selected chemical pollutants and emerging genetic resistance determinants on the quality of soil and crops – a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 214, 112070.
- Samara, E., Matsi, T., & Balidakis, A. (2017). Soil application of sewage sludge stabilized with steelmaking slag and its effect on soil properties and wheat growth. Waste Management, 68, 378-387.
- Hei, L., Jin, P., Zhu, X., Ye, W., & Yang, Y. (2016) Characteristics of Speciation of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge of Guangzhou as Fertilizer. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 232-240.
- Koutroubas, S.D., Antoniadis, V., Damalas, C. A., & Fotiadis, S. (2020) Sunflower growth and yield response to sewage sludge application under contrasting water availability conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112670.
- Dhanker, R., Chaudhary, S., Goyal, S., & Garg, V.K. (2021) Influence of urban sewage sludge amendment on agricultural soil parameters. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 23, 101642.
- Hooge, A., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Heinze, W.M., Lyngsie, G., Ramos, T.M., Sandgaard, M.H., Vollertsen, J., & Syberg, K. (2023) Fate of microplastics in sewage sludge and in agricultural soils. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 166, 117184.
- Zhang, H., Qi, H.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Ran, D.-D., Wu, L.-Q., & Wang, H.-F. (2022) Raymond Jianxiong Zeng, Effects of sewage sludge pretreatment methods on its use in agricultural applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 428, 128213.
- European Commission, (22.05.2023): Working Document on Sludge, SWD, 158 final.
- European Commission (1986): Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, when Sewage Sludge is Used in Agriculture (86/278/EEC). Council of the European Communities, Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 181/6-12.
- Resmi Gazete, (2010). Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, Sayı: 27661.
- European Commission (2000): Working Document on Sludge. 3rd Draft. Brussels, 27 April 2000, ENV.E.3/LM.
Abstract
Rapid population growth in the world causes environmental awareness to increase in order to use natural resources effectively and therefore the number and capacity of wastewater treatment facilities to increase. Accordingly, the disposal and reuse of sewage sludge, which emerges as a secondary pollutant, becomes important. Various methods have been tried and important studies have been carried out for sludge disposal for many years. The fact that sewage sludge is rich in plant nutrients has led to further examination of its use in agriculture. The most important factors to consider when using sewage sludge as soil conditioner in agricultural areas are; Nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the sludge are potential toxic substances, heavy metals, pathogens and parasites. In addition, poly aromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics and microplastics also raise concerns. In EU countries, the application of sewage sludge to land is regulated only according to the concentration of heavy metals specified in Directive 86/278/EEC. While limit values are given for heavy metals in this directive, there are no limit values for other pollutants and they do not meet the current needs for ensuring the safety of sludge application in agriculture. In this study, the current legal regulations in our country for the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes were evaluated by comparing them with the EU Directive, Bulgarian and Greek legislation.
Thanks
Bu çalışma Gül KAYKIOĞLU’nun “Endüstriyel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi Nihai Çamurlarının Tarımsal Amaçla Kullanılabilirliğinin ve Bitki Bünyesindeki Ağır Metal Kapsamındaki Etkilerinin Araştırılması” başlıklı Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans tezi temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır.
References
- European Commission /2008/98, Waste Framework Directive (Avrupa Birliği Atık Çerçeve Direktifi).
- Grobelak, A., Grosser, A., Kacprzak, M., & Kamizela, T. (2019). Sewage sludge processing and management in small and medium-sized municipal wastewater treatment plant-new technical solution. Journal of Environmental Management, 234(15), 90-96.
- Seleiman,M., Santanen,F. A., & Mäkelä ,P.S.A. (2020). Recycling sludge on cropland as fertilizer – advantages and risks. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 155, 104647.
- Hudcová, H., Vymazal, J., & Rozkošný, M. (2019). Present restrictions of sewage sludge application in agriculture within the European Union. Soil and Water Research, 14(2), 104-120.
- D'Imporzano, G., & Adani, F. (2023). Measuring the environmental impacts of sewage sludge use in agriculture in comparison with the incineration alternative. Science of The Total Environment, 905, 167025.
- Singh, R.P., & Agrawal, M. (2008). Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28(2) 347-358.
- Buta, M., Hubeny, J., Zieliński, W., Harnisz, M., & Korzeniewska, E., (2021). Sewage sludge in agriculture – the effects of selected chemical pollutants and emerging genetic resistance determinants on the quality of soil and crops – a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 214, 112070.
- Samara, E., Matsi, T., & Balidakis, A. (2017). Soil application of sewage sludge stabilized with steelmaking slag and its effect on soil properties and wheat growth. Waste Management, 68, 378-387.
- Hei, L., Jin, P., Zhu, X., Ye, W., & Yang, Y. (2016) Characteristics of Speciation of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge of Guangzhou as Fertilizer. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 31, 232-240.
- Koutroubas, S.D., Antoniadis, V., Damalas, C. A., & Fotiadis, S. (2020) Sunflower growth and yield response to sewage sludge application under contrasting water availability conditions. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112670.
- Dhanker, R., Chaudhary, S., Goyal, S., & Garg, V.K. (2021) Influence of urban sewage sludge amendment on agricultural soil parameters. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 23, 101642.
- Hooge, A., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Heinze, W.M., Lyngsie, G., Ramos, T.M., Sandgaard, M.H., Vollertsen, J., & Syberg, K. (2023) Fate of microplastics in sewage sludge and in agricultural soils. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 166, 117184.
- Zhang, H., Qi, H.-Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Ran, D.-D., Wu, L.-Q., & Wang, H.-F. (2022) Raymond Jianxiong Zeng, Effects of sewage sludge pretreatment methods on its use in agricultural applications. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 428, 128213.
- European Commission, (22.05.2023): Working Document on Sludge, SWD, 158 final.
- European Commission (1986): Council Directive of 12 June 1986 on the Protection of the Environment, and in Particular of the Soil, when Sewage Sludge is Used in Agriculture (86/278/EEC). Council of the European Communities, Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 181/6-12.
- Resmi Gazete, (2010). Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, Sayı: 27661.
- European Commission (2000): Working Document on Sludge. 3rd Draft. Brussels, 27 April 2000, ENV.E.3/LM.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Waste Management, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Solid and Hazardous Wastes, Environmental Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Reviews |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | January 10, 2024 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | November 26, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 21, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |