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Görsel Kirliliğin Turistik ve Tarihi Şehirlerin Bozulmasına Etkisi; Eski Sana'a/Yemen Örneği

Year 2021, Issue: 7, 73 - 89, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Görsel kirlilik birçok toplumun karşılaştığı büyük sorunlardan birtanesidir ve diğer kirliliklerden (gürültü kirliliği, hava kirliliği vb.) daha az tehlikeli olmayan bir türdür. Birçok Yemen şehri medeni, kültürel ve turistik bir karaktere sahiptir, ancak yine de simge yapılarını ve kültürel bağlamını bozan bir görsel kirlilikten muzdariptirler. Bu çalışma da, bu kirliliğin tezahürlerinin, halkın bilinç düzeyinin düşük olması ve kişi başına düşen gelirin sınırlı olması nedeniyle arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışma, diğer çalışmalara göre eski San'a şehrinin (OCS) görsel kirliliğinin tezahürlerini tartışmış ve binaların yeniden kullanımı ve restorasyonu yoluyla tarihi ve turistik kimliğini doğru bilimsel standartlara ve uygun bir şekilde restore etmeye çalışmaktadır. Alanda görsel kirlilik nedeniyle büyük bir estetik kaybı yaşanmakta ve bölge halkı ortak değerlerin kaybolmasını ve tek topluluk dokusunun korunmasını istemektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, önerilen stratejiler ve tavsiyeler, görsel çarpıklıkların yayılmasını sınırlamaya ve görsel çarpıklıkların bir sonucu olarak eski Sana'a şehrinin mevcut dengesizliklerini ele almaya odaklanmıştır.

References

  • Abdelhamid, M. M. (2018). An Attempt to Reduce Visual Pollution in the Building Sector within Egyptian Cities. Spaces & Flows: An International Journal of Urban & Extra Urban Studies, 9(4). ‏
  • Ahmed, N., Islam, M. N., Tuba, A. S., Mahdy, M. R. C., and Sujauddin, M. (2019). Solving visual pollution with deep learning: A new nexus in environmental management. Journal of environmental management, 248, 109253. ‏
  • Al-Abed, A. (2011). Sana’a urban transformation: From walled to fragmented city. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 39(4), 897-918. ‏
  • Al-Ahnomi, W. (July 14, 2021). The Old City of Sana’a: A Living History Under Threat. Yemen Peace Forum. https://sanaacenter.org/ypf/the-old-city-of-sanaa/.
  • Al-Daily, W. M. S. (2013). An Exploration of State and Non-State Actor Engagement in Informal Settlement Governance in the Mahwa Aser Neighborhood and Sana'a City, Yemen (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). ‏
  • ‏Alexander Newman, P. E. (2021). Structural renovation of buildings: Methods, details, and design examples. McGraw-Hill Education. ‏
  • Ali, H. H., and Al-Hashimi, I. A. (2018). Investigating the applicability of sustainable urban form and design to traditional cities, case study: the old city of sana'a. ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 12(2), 57. ‏
  • Anwer, M., and Aowais, A. (2019). Visual Pollution and its Impact on the Aesthetics: The Town of Eizariya as a Model. Journal of the planner and development, (40). ‏
  • Atta, H. A. (2013). Visual pollution and statistical determination in some of Karrada district main streets, Baghdad. Journal of Engineering, 19(3), 414-428. ‏
  • Azeema, N., and Nazuk, A. (2016). Is billboard a visual pollution in Pakistan. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res, 7, 862-874. ‏
  • Barroga, S. D., Navarra, N. L., and Palarca, H. T. (2021). Methodologies in Identification, Analysis, and Measurement of Visual Pollution: The Case Study of Intramuros. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia, 13(1), 19-26. ‏
  • Cercleux, A. L., Merciu, F. C., and Merciu, G. L. (2016). A model of development strategy encompassing creative industries to reduce visual pollution-case study: Strada Franceză, Bucharest's old city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32, 404-411. ‏
  • Chmielewski, S. (2020). Chaos in Motion: Measuring Visual Pollution with Tangential View Landscape Metrics. Land, 9(12), 515. ‏
  • Chmielewski, S., Lee, D. J., Tompalski, P., Chmielewski, T. J., and Wężyk, P. (2016). Measuring visual pollution by outdoor advertisements in an urban street using intervisibilty analysis and public surveys. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 30(4), 801-818. ‏
  • Douglas, J. (2002), Building Adaptation, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn.
  • Fang, Y. N., Zeng, J., and Namaiti, A. (2021). Landscape Visual Sensitivity Assessment of Historic Districts—A Case Study of Wudadao Historic District in Tianjin, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(3), 175. ‏ ‏
  • Galčanová, L., and Sýkorová, D. (2015). Socio-spatial aspects of ageing in an urban context: an example from three Czech Republic cities. Ageing & Society, 35(6), 1200-1220.
  • Haidar, L., and Talib, A. (2015). Adaptive reuse practice in tower houses of old city Sana’a Yemen. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202, 351-360. ‏
  • Ibanga, O. A., and Ebitimi, E. D. (2021). Multivariate Analysis of Factors Responsible for Visual Pollution in the Central Business District of Ore Town, Ondo State, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of the Environment, 14(3), 20-34. ‏
  • Jana, M. K., and De, T. (2015). Visual pollution can have a deep degrading effect on urban and suburban community: a study in few places of Bengal, India, with special reference to unorganized billboards. European Scientific Journal. ‏
  • Jensen, C. U., Panduro, T. E., and Lundhede, T. H. (2014). The vindication of Don Quixote: The impact of noise and visual pollution from wind turbines. Land Economics, 90(4), 668-682. ‏
  • Lamprakos, M. (2005). Rethinking Cultural Heritage: Lessons from Sana'a, Yemen. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 17-37. ‏
  • Lamprakos, M. (2016). Building a world heritage city: Sanaa, Yemen. Routledge.
  • ‏Latham, D. (2000). Creative Re-Use of Buildings, Donhead Publishing Ltd, Shaftesbury. Loganina, V., Sergeeva, K., Fediuk, R., Klyuev, S., Vatin, N., and Vasilev, Y. (2021). Modified Lime Binders for Restoration Work. Buildings 2021, 11, 98.
  • Meskell, L., and Isakhan, B. (2020). UNESCO, world heritage and the gridlock over Yemen. Third World Quarterly, 41(10), 1776-1791. ‏
  • Miles, D. (1984). Yemen Arab republic: the construction industry. In Development and urban metamorphosis (pp. p-36). ‏
  • Mohamed, M. A. S., Ibrahim, A. O., Dodo, Y. A., and Bashir, F. M. (2021). Visual pollution manifestations negative impacts on the people of Saudi Arabia. ‏
  • Mohsen, S. (2019). Yemen as I remember (Doctoral dissertation, Sumy State University). ‏
  • Müller, D. K., Carson, D. A., de la Barre, S., and Granås, B. (2020). Arctic Tourism in Times of Change: Dimensions of Urban Tourism. Nordic Council of Ministers. ‏
  • Nagle, J. C. (2009). The idea of pollution. UC Davis L. Rev., 43, 1. ‏
  • Nami, P., Jahanbakhsh, P., and Fathalipour, A. (2016). the role and heterogeneity of visual pollution on the quality of urban landscape using GIS; case study: Historical Garden in City of Maraqeh. Open Journal of Geology, 6(1), 20-29. ‏
  • Nessim, A. A. (2020). Visual Pollution: An Approach to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Light Pollution in Egypt. In Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook (pp. 469-481). Springer, Cham. ‏
  • Pini, D. (2008). The inventory of the historic city of Sana'a. A tool for urban conservation. ‏
  • Pintossi, N., Ikiz Kaya, D., and Pereira Roders, A. (2021). Assessing cultural heritage adaptive reuse practices: Multi-scale challenges and solutions in rijeka. Sustainability, 13(7), 3603. ‏
  • Portella, A. (2016). Visual pollution: advertising, signage and environmental quality. Routledge. ‏
  • Rajab, I. (2017). Visual pollution in the city of Baghdad" Random housing in the neighborhood of AL-Salam model. Al-Adab Journal, (121 Supplement). ‏
  • Rosencranz, A., and Jackson, M. (2003). The Delhi pollution case: The Supreme Court of India and the limits of judicial power. Colum. J. Envtl. L., 28, 223. ‏
  • Soltanzadeh, H., and Moghaddam, M. S. (2015). Sana’a, structure, historical form, architecture and culture. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(3), 56-67. ‏
  • Torkhani, F., Wang, K., and Chassery, J. M. (2012). A curvature tensor distance for mesh visual quality assessment. In International Conference on Computer Vision and Graphics (pp. 253-263). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. ‏
  • Wakil, K., Naeem, M. A., Anjum, G. A., Waheed, A., Thaheem, M. J., and Nawaz, R. (2019). A hybrid tool for visual pollution Assessment in urban environments. Sustainability, 11(8), 2211. ‏
  • Wakil, K., Tahir, A., Waheed, A., and Nawaz, R. (2021). Mitigating Urban Visual Pollution through a Multistakeholder Spatial Decision Support System to Optimize Locational Potential of Billboards. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(2), 60.
  • Yilmaz, D., and Sagsöz, A. (2011). In the context of visual pollution: effects to trabzon city center silhoutte. Asian social science, 7(5), 98. ‏

Visual Pollution’s Effect on Distorting the Touristic and Historical Cities: Old Sana'a /Yemen Case

Year 2021, Issue: 7, 73 - 89, 31.12.2021

Abstract

Visual pollution is a big problem faced by many societies, and it is a type of pollution that is no less dangerous than other pollution (such as noise pollution, air pollution, etc.). Many Yemeni cities have a civilized, cultural, and touristic character, but they still suffer from a serious problem, which is visual pollution that distorts their landmarks and cultural context. The study found that the manifestations of this pollution increased as a result of the low level of public awareness and the limited income per capita. This study discussed the manifestations of visual pollution of the old city of Sana'a (OCS), according to other studies, and work to restore its historical and tourist identity through the reuse and restoration of buildings, according to accurate scientific standards and in a civilized manner. There is a great loss of aesthetics in the study area due to visual pollution, and the people of the area feel the loss of common values and the preservation of the single community fabric. The proposed strategies and recommendations focused on limiting the spread of visual distortions and working to address the current imbalances of the old city of Sana'a as a result of visual distortions.

References

  • Abdelhamid, M. M. (2018). An Attempt to Reduce Visual Pollution in the Building Sector within Egyptian Cities. Spaces & Flows: An International Journal of Urban & Extra Urban Studies, 9(4). ‏
  • Ahmed, N., Islam, M. N., Tuba, A. S., Mahdy, M. R. C., and Sujauddin, M. (2019). Solving visual pollution with deep learning: A new nexus in environmental management. Journal of environmental management, 248, 109253. ‏
  • Al-Abed, A. (2011). Sana’a urban transformation: From walled to fragmented city. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 39(4), 897-918. ‏
  • Al-Ahnomi, W. (July 14, 2021). The Old City of Sana’a: A Living History Under Threat. Yemen Peace Forum. https://sanaacenter.org/ypf/the-old-city-of-sanaa/.
  • Al-Daily, W. M. S. (2013). An Exploration of State and Non-State Actor Engagement in Informal Settlement Governance in the Mahwa Aser Neighborhood and Sana'a City, Yemen (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University). ‏
  • ‏Alexander Newman, P. E. (2021). Structural renovation of buildings: Methods, details, and design examples. McGraw-Hill Education. ‏
  • Ali, H. H., and Al-Hashimi, I. A. (2018). Investigating the applicability of sustainable urban form and design to traditional cities, case study: the old city of sana'a. ArchNet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 12(2), 57. ‏
  • Anwer, M., and Aowais, A. (2019). Visual Pollution and its Impact on the Aesthetics: The Town of Eizariya as a Model. Journal of the planner and development, (40). ‏
  • Atta, H. A. (2013). Visual pollution and statistical determination in some of Karrada district main streets, Baghdad. Journal of Engineering, 19(3), 414-428. ‏
  • Azeema, N., and Nazuk, A. (2016). Is billboard a visual pollution in Pakistan. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res, 7, 862-874. ‏
  • Barroga, S. D., Navarra, N. L., and Palarca, H. T. (2021). Methodologies in Identification, Analysis, and Measurement of Visual Pollution: The Case Study of Intramuros. Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia, 13(1), 19-26. ‏
  • Cercleux, A. L., Merciu, F. C., and Merciu, G. L. (2016). A model of development strategy encompassing creative industries to reduce visual pollution-case study: Strada Franceză, Bucharest's old city. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 32, 404-411. ‏
  • Chmielewski, S. (2020). Chaos in Motion: Measuring Visual Pollution with Tangential View Landscape Metrics. Land, 9(12), 515. ‏
  • Chmielewski, S., Lee, D. J., Tompalski, P., Chmielewski, T. J., and Wężyk, P. (2016). Measuring visual pollution by outdoor advertisements in an urban street using intervisibilty analysis and public surveys. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 30(4), 801-818. ‏
  • Douglas, J. (2002), Building Adaptation, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn.
  • Fang, Y. N., Zeng, J., and Namaiti, A. (2021). Landscape Visual Sensitivity Assessment of Historic Districts—A Case Study of Wudadao Historic District in Tianjin, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(3), 175. ‏ ‏
  • Galčanová, L., and Sýkorová, D. (2015). Socio-spatial aspects of ageing in an urban context: an example from three Czech Republic cities. Ageing & Society, 35(6), 1200-1220.
  • Haidar, L., and Talib, A. (2015). Adaptive reuse practice in tower houses of old city Sana’a Yemen. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 202, 351-360. ‏
  • Ibanga, O. A., and Ebitimi, E. D. (2021). Multivariate Analysis of Factors Responsible for Visual Pollution in the Central Business District of Ore Town, Ondo State, Nigeria. FUTY Journal of the Environment, 14(3), 20-34. ‏
  • Jana, M. K., and De, T. (2015). Visual pollution can have a deep degrading effect on urban and suburban community: a study in few places of Bengal, India, with special reference to unorganized billboards. European Scientific Journal. ‏
  • Jensen, C. U., Panduro, T. E., and Lundhede, T. H. (2014). The vindication of Don Quixote: The impact of noise and visual pollution from wind turbines. Land Economics, 90(4), 668-682. ‏
  • Lamprakos, M. (2005). Rethinking Cultural Heritage: Lessons from Sana'a, Yemen. Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, 17-37. ‏
  • Lamprakos, M. (2016). Building a world heritage city: Sanaa, Yemen. Routledge.
  • ‏Latham, D. (2000). Creative Re-Use of Buildings, Donhead Publishing Ltd, Shaftesbury. Loganina, V., Sergeeva, K., Fediuk, R., Klyuev, S., Vatin, N., and Vasilev, Y. (2021). Modified Lime Binders for Restoration Work. Buildings 2021, 11, 98.
  • Meskell, L., and Isakhan, B. (2020). UNESCO, world heritage and the gridlock over Yemen. Third World Quarterly, 41(10), 1776-1791. ‏
  • Miles, D. (1984). Yemen Arab republic: the construction industry. In Development and urban metamorphosis (pp. p-36). ‏
  • Mohamed, M. A. S., Ibrahim, A. O., Dodo, Y. A., and Bashir, F. M. (2021). Visual pollution manifestations negative impacts on the people of Saudi Arabia. ‏
  • Mohsen, S. (2019). Yemen as I remember (Doctoral dissertation, Sumy State University). ‏
  • Müller, D. K., Carson, D. A., de la Barre, S., and Granås, B. (2020). Arctic Tourism in Times of Change: Dimensions of Urban Tourism. Nordic Council of Ministers. ‏
  • Nagle, J. C. (2009). The idea of pollution. UC Davis L. Rev., 43, 1. ‏
  • Nami, P., Jahanbakhsh, P., and Fathalipour, A. (2016). the role and heterogeneity of visual pollution on the quality of urban landscape using GIS; case study: Historical Garden in City of Maraqeh. Open Journal of Geology, 6(1), 20-29. ‏
  • Nessim, A. A. (2020). Visual Pollution: An Approach to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Light Pollution in Egypt. In Architecture and Urbanism: A Smart Outlook (pp. 469-481). Springer, Cham. ‏
  • Pini, D. (2008). The inventory of the historic city of Sana'a. A tool for urban conservation. ‏
  • Pintossi, N., Ikiz Kaya, D., and Pereira Roders, A. (2021). Assessing cultural heritage adaptive reuse practices: Multi-scale challenges and solutions in rijeka. Sustainability, 13(7), 3603. ‏
  • Portella, A. (2016). Visual pollution: advertising, signage and environmental quality. Routledge. ‏
  • Rajab, I. (2017). Visual pollution in the city of Baghdad" Random housing in the neighborhood of AL-Salam model. Al-Adab Journal, (121 Supplement). ‏
  • Rosencranz, A., and Jackson, M. (2003). The Delhi pollution case: The Supreme Court of India and the limits of judicial power. Colum. J. Envtl. L., 28, 223. ‏
  • Soltanzadeh, H., and Moghaddam, M. S. (2015). Sana’a, structure, historical form, architecture and culture. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 3(3), 56-67. ‏
  • Torkhani, F., Wang, K., and Chassery, J. M. (2012). A curvature tensor distance for mesh visual quality assessment. In International Conference on Computer Vision and Graphics (pp. 253-263). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. ‏
  • Wakil, K., Naeem, M. A., Anjum, G. A., Waheed, A., Thaheem, M. J., and Nawaz, R. (2019). A hybrid tool for visual pollution Assessment in urban environments. Sustainability, 11(8), 2211. ‏
  • Wakil, K., Tahir, A., Waheed, A., and Nawaz, R. (2021). Mitigating Urban Visual Pollution through a Multistakeholder Spatial Decision Support System to Optimize Locational Potential of Billboards. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10(2), 60.
  • Yilmaz, D., and Sagsöz, A. (2011). In the context of visual pollution: effects to trabzon city center silhoutte. Asian social science, 7(5), 98. ‏
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şafak Ünüvar 0000-0001-9177-8704

Şeyda Sarı 0000-0001-9290-9809

Yazeed Ahmed 0000-0002-4772-8571

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date November 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 7

Cite

APA Ünüvar, Ş., Sarı, Ş., & Ahmed, Y. (2021). Visual Pollution’s Effect on Distorting the Touristic and Historical Cities: Old Sana’a /Yemen Case. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi(7), 73-89.

Çatalhöyük International Journal of Tourism and Social Research is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).