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Impact of level of income and occupational factors on mental health during COVID-19 lockdown in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 47 Issue: 1, 87 - 94, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1022808

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of level of income and occupational factors on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Turkey.
Materials and Methods: The study has a cross-sectional, descriptive design and 768 participants were included. The data were collected via an electronic survey by sharing the link in social media groups. Monthly household income (MHI) and occupational characteristics of the participants were investigated during COVID-19 lockdown. Psychological measurements were performed via PHQ-4 and Fear of COVID-19 scales.
Results: Regarding MHI; participants with a MHI of €299 or less had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression compared to those with a MHI of €1000 or higher. Regarding occupational groups; the unemployed and students had higher anxiety and depression levels compared to housewives/retired individuals, business owners, government officials and health workers. It was determined that partial remote work and working at the workplace were protective against anxiety and depression, respectively.
Conclusion: Conditions such as unemployment, low level of income and the decreased social interaction related to working style were found to be associated with higher depression and anxiety levels during the pandemic.

References

  • Ceylan RF, Ozkan B, Mulazimogullari E. Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19. Eur J Heal Econ. 2020;21:817–23.
  • Kämpfen F, Kohler I V., Ciancio A, de Bruin WB, Maurer J, Kohler HP. Predictors of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the US: Role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241895. .
  • Tull MT, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Richmond JR, Rose JP, Gratz KL. Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113098.
  • World Bank Group Flagship Report. Global Economic Prospects. 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33748 (accessed Dec 2020).
  • Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:510–2.
  • Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190.
  • Li J, Yang Z, Qiu H, Wang Y, Jian L, Ji J et al. Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:249–50.
  • Saha K, Torous J, Caine ED, De Choudhury M. Psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: large-scale quasi-experimental study on social media. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22:e22600.
  • Codagnone C, Bogliacino F, Gomez C, Charris R, Montealegre F, Liva G et al. Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. PLoS One. 2020; 27;15:e0240876 .
  • ILO. COVID-19 and the world of work. Sixth edition; Updated estimates and analysis. ILO Monitor. 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_755910.pdf (accessed Dec 2020).
  • Mihalopoulos C, Chatterton M Lou, Engel L, Le LKD, Lee YY. Whither economic evaluation in the case of COVID-19: What can the field of mental health economics contribute within the Australian context? Aust NZJ Psychiatry. 2020;54:1157-1161.
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;27:1–9.
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;8:1–9.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613–21.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:345–59.
  • Manea L, Gilbody S, Hewitt C, North A, Plummer F, Richardson R et al. Identifying depression with the PHQ-2: A diagnostic meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:382–95.
  • Yazici Güleç M, Güleç H, Şimşek G, Turhan M, Aydin Sünbül E. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:623–9.
  • Goldman-Mellor SJ, Saxton KB, Catalano RC. Economic contraction and mental health: A review of the evidence, 1990-2009. Int J Ment Health. 2010;39:6–31.
  • Witteveen D, Velthorst E. Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:27277–84.
  • Bhuiyan AKMI, Sakib N, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. COVID-19-related suicides in Bangladesh due to lockdown and economic factors: case study evidence from media reports. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;15:1–6.
  • Godinic D, Obrenovic B, Khudaykulov A. Effects of economic uncertainty on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic context: social identity disturbance, job uncertainty and psychological well-being model. Int J Innov Econ Dev. 2020;6:61–74.
  • Ueda M, Stickley A, Sueki H, Matsubayashi T. Mental health status of the general population in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:505–6.
  • Winkler P, Formanek T, Mlada K, Kagstrom A, Mohrova Z, Mohr P et al. Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: Analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e173.
  • Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • Renahy E, Mitchell C, Molnar A, Muntaner C, Ng E, Ali F et al. Connections between unemployment insurance, poverty and health: A systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28:269–75.
  • Nelson BW, Pettitt A, Flannery JE, Allen NB. Rapid assessment of psychological and epidemiological correlates of COVID-19 concern, financial strain, and health-related behavior change in a large online sample. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241990.
  • Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E et al. Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in france confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2025591.
  • Kawohl W, Nordt C. COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:389-390.
  • Molino M, Ingusci E, Signore F, Manuti A, Giancaspro ML, Russo V et al. Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 remote working: an investigation using the Italian Translation of the Technostress Creators Scale. Sustainability. 2020;12:5911.
  • Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:497–529.
  • Savolainen I, Oksa R, Savela N, Celuch M, Oksanen A. Covid-19 anxiety—a longitudinal survey study of psychological and situational risks among finnish workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1–13.
  • Shimura A, Yokoi K, Ishibashi Y, Akatsuka Y, Inoue T. Remote work decreases psychological and physical stress responses, but full-remote work increases presenteeism. Front Psychol. 2021;12:4190.
  • Sandoval-Reyes J, Idrovo-Carlier S, Duque-Oliva EJ. Remote work, work stress, and work–life during pandemic times: a Latin America situation. Int J Environ Res Public Heal. 2021;18:7069.

Gelir düzeyi ve mesleki faktörlerin Türkiye'de COVID-19 kapanması döneminde ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi

Year 2022, Volume: 47 Issue: 1, 87 - 94, 31.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1022808

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırma, Türkiye'de gelir düzeyi ve mesleki faktörlerin COVID-19 kapanması sırasında ruh sağlığı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı bir tasarıma sahiptir ve toplam 768 katılımcı araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Veriler, sosyal medya gruplarında bağlantısı paylaşılan elektronik anket yoluyla elde edilmiştir. COVID-19 kapanması sırasında katılımcıların aylık hane geliri düzeyi (AHG) ve mesleki özellikleri ile çalışma durumları incelenmiştir. Psikolojik durumla ilgili ölçümler PHQ-4 ve COVID-19 korkusu ölçekleri ile yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar AHG açısından değerlendirildiğinde, AHG'si €299 veya daha düşük olan katılımcılarda, AHG'si €1000 ve daha yüksek olanlara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri saptanmıştır. Meslek grupları ile ilgili olarak; işsizlerin ve öğrencilerin, ev hanımları/emekli bireylere, iş yeri sahiplerine, devlet memurlarına ve sağlık çalışanlarına göre daha yüksek anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Kısmi uzaktan çalışmanın ve işyerinde çalışmanın sırasıyla anksiyete ve depresyona karşı koruyucu olduğu bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: İşsizlik, düşük gelir düzeyi ve çalışma şekline bağlı olarak iş ortamındaki sosyal etkileşimin azalması gibi durumların, pandemi sürecinde daha yüksek depresyon ve anksiyete düzeyleri ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Ceylan RF, Ozkan B, Mulazimogullari E. Historical evidence for economic effects of COVID-19. Eur J Heal Econ. 2020;21:817–23.
  • Kämpfen F, Kohler I V., Ciancio A, de Bruin WB, Maurer J, Kohler HP. Predictors of mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic in the US: Role of economic concerns, health worries and social distancing. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241895. .
  • Tull MT, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Richmond JR, Rose JP, Gratz KL. Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113098.
  • World Bank Group Flagship Report. Global Economic Prospects. 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33748 (accessed Dec 2020).
  • Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:510–2.
  • Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190.
  • Li J, Yang Z, Qiu H, Wang Y, Jian L, Ji J et al. Anxiety and depression among general population in China at the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:249–50.
  • Saha K, Torous J, Caine ED, De Choudhury M. Psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: large-scale quasi-experimental study on social media. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22:e22600.
  • Codagnone C, Bogliacino F, Gomez C, Charris R, Montealegre F, Liva G et al. Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. PLoS One. 2020; 27;15:e0240876 .
  • ILO. COVID-19 and the world of work. Sixth edition; Updated estimates and analysis. ILO Monitor. 2020. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_755910.pdf (accessed Dec 2020).
  • Mihalopoulos C, Chatterton M Lou, Engel L, Le LKD, Lee YY. Whither economic evaluation in the case of COVID-19: What can the field of mental health economics contribute within the Australian context? Aust NZJ Psychiatry. 2020;54:1157-1161.
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;27:1–9.
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;8:1–9.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613–21.
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2010;32:345–59.
  • Manea L, Gilbody S, Hewitt C, North A, Plummer F, Richardson R et al. Identifying depression with the PHQ-2: A diagnostic meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:382–95.
  • Yazici Güleç M, Güleç H, Şimşek G, Turhan M, Aydin Sünbül E. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:623–9.
  • Goldman-Mellor SJ, Saxton KB, Catalano RC. Economic contraction and mental health: A review of the evidence, 1990-2009. Int J Ment Health. 2010;39:6–31.
  • Witteveen D, Velthorst E. Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117:27277–84.
  • Bhuiyan AKMI, Sakib N, Pakpour AH, Griffiths MD, Mamun MA. COVID-19-related suicides in Bangladesh due to lockdown and economic factors: case study evidence from media reports. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;15:1–6.
  • Godinic D, Obrenovic B, Khudaykulov A. Effects of economic uncertainty on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic context: social identity disturbance, job uncertainty and psychological well-being model. Int J Innov Econ Dev. 2020;6:61–74.
  • Ueda M, Stickley A, Sueki H, Matsubayashi T. Mental health status of the general population in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74:505–6.
  • Winkler P, Formanek T, Mlada K, Kagstrom A, Mohrova Z, Mohr P et al. Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: Analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020;29:e173.
  • Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934.
  • Renahy E, Mitchell C, Molnar A, Muntaner C, Ng E, Ali F et al. Connections between unemployment insurance, poverty and health: A systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28:269–75.
  • Nelson BW, Pettitt A, Flannery JE, Allen NB. Rapid assessment of psychological and epidemiological correlates of COVID-19 concern, financial strain, and health-related behavior change in a large online sample. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241990.
  • Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E et al. Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in france confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2025591.
  • Kawohl W, Nordt C. COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:389-390.
  • Molino M, Ingusci E, Signore F, Manuti A, Giancaspro ML, Russo V et al. Wellbeing costs of technology use during Covid-19 remote working: an investigation using the Italian Translation of the Technostress Creators Scale. Sustainability. 2020;12:5911.
  • Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117:497–529.
  • Savolainen I, Oksa R, Savela N, Celuch M, Oksanen A. Covid-19 anxiety—a longitudinal survey study of psychological and situational risks among finnish workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1–13.
  • Shimura A, Yokoi K, Ishibashi Y, Akatsuka Y, Inoue T. Remote work decreases psychological and physical stress responses, but full-remote work increases presenteeism. Front Psychol. 2021;12:4190.
  • Sandoval-Reyes J, Idrovo-Carlier S, Duque-Oliva EJ. Remote work, work stress, and work–life during pandemic times: a Latin America situation. Int J Environ Res Public Heal. 2021;18:7069.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research
Authors

Murat Yalçın 0000-0002-1129-8960

Derya Özdemir 0000-0001-8322-8446

Suleyman Cakiroglu 0000-0002-4362-8880

Selim Arpacıoğlu 0000-0002-1988-506X

Publication Date March 31, 2022
Acceptance Date December 22, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 47 Issue: 1

Cite

MLA Yalçın, Murat et al. “Impact of Level of Income and Occupational Factors on Mental Health During COVID-19 Lockdown in Turkey”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 47, no. 1, 2022, pp. 87-94, doi:10.17826/cumj.1022808.