Abstract
Human capital, which refers to the accumulation of knowledge, skills, abilities and other intangible assets possessed by individuals that can contribute to economic productivity, is a crucial factor in the success of organizations and economies. Human capital, which is also seen as one of the most important national assets in the development and progress of countries, is one of the areas that need to be continuously invested in and protected. Although developing countries strive to invest in their human capital to the extent of their means and vision, these efforts often fail to reach the desired level due to reasons such as lack of opportunities, different priorities and lack of vision of decision-makers. In today's world, there are also significant differences between the human capital of countries, and for this reason, some international organizations are taking the initiative to increase and sustain investments in human capital and launch initiatives that are thought to be effective on a world scale.
Due to the high importance of human capital, the World Bank initiated the Human Capital Project and later the Human Capital Umbrella Program for countries in need and implemented the program through its financial supporters for some countries with weak human capital. The World Bank also developed the Human Capital Index for the measurability of human capital, allowing countries to assess their own position. The umbrella program was launched with financial support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Government of Canada, and its activities are ongoing.
In this study, the aforementioned projects and programs initiated by the World Bank within the scope of human capital were examined from a socio-economic perspective, and with the idea that it may contribute to the consciousness formed in our country in terms of looking at the activities that our country carries out / will carry out with the World Bank with a skeptical eye, some of the author's hypothetical conclusions and findings from the literature on the possible hidden agendas and objectives of the World Bank and financial backers of the World Bank's Umbrella Program are shared.
References
- Blunt, D.G.(2022). The Gates foundation, global health and domination: a republican critique of transnational philanthropy, International Affairs, 98 (6), 2039-2056.
- Bretton Woods Project (2019). What are the main criticisms of the World Bank and IMF? , Bretton Woods Project, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06 /Common-Criticisms-FINAL.pdf.
- Dhanani, Q. (2020). The world bank’s human capital project: a case study of agile in action, Boston Consulting Group, Erişim: 11 Kasım 2023. https://www.bcg.com/capabilities/digital-technology-data/world-bank- human-capital-project-agile-in-action.
- Easterlin, R.A. (1981). Why isn't the whole world developed?. The Journal of Economic History, 41(1), 1-17.
- Fix, B. (2018) : The trouble with human capital theory, Real-World Economics Review, World Economics Association, 86, 15-32.
- Gatti, R. ve Mohpal, A. (2019). Investing in human capital: what can we learn from the world bank's portfolio data?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8716, 1-31.
- Goldin, C. (2016). "Human capital" In C. Diebolt, M. Haupert eds, Handbook of Cliometrics, 55-86.
- Harman, S. (2016).The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation and legitimacy in global health governance, Global Governance, 22 (2016), 349–368.
- Herbert, E. B. ve Odeniyi, O. O. (2021). Impact of World Bank-assisted projects on poverty alleviation. Consilience, Erişim:13 Mart 2024, 25, 1–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48679956.
- Horton, R. (2013). Is Bill Gates a trojan horse?, Ethics Beyond Compliance, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://ethicsbeyondcompliance.com/2013/08/
- Huet, N. and Paun, C. (2017). Meet the world’s most powerful doctor: Bill Gates, Politico, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://www.politico.eu/article/bill-gates-who-most-powerful-doctor.
- Hunter, B.M ve Shaffer, J.D. (2022) Human capital, risk and the world bank’s reintermediation in global development, Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 35-54.
- Khaykin, M.M., Lapinskas, A.A. ve Toechkina, O.. (2020). The development of the theory of human capital in the historical dimension, Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Management and Technologies 2020, (139), 505-510.
- Lim, S.S., Updike, R.L., Kaldjian, A.S., Barber, R., Cowling, K., York, H.W., Friedman, J., Friedman, J., Xu, R., Whisnant, J.L., Taylor, H.J., Leever, A.T., Román, Y., Bryant, M.F., Dieleman, J.L., Gakidou, E., ve Murray, C.J. (2018). Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016,The Lancet, 392 (10154), 1217 - 1234.
- Malkan, S. (2023). Critiques of Gates Foundation agricultural interventions in Africa, U.S. Right To Know, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://usrtk.org/bill-gates/critiques-of-gates-foundation. Mincer, J. (1995). Economic development, growth of human capital, and the dynamics of the wage structure, Columbia University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Discussion Paper Series,(744), 1-20.
- SAFCEI (2020). Open letter to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation from the SAFCEI and faith community representatives from the African Continent, The Southern African Faith Communities Environment Institute, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024. https://safcei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Gates-Foundation-appeal-from-SAFCEI-African-faith-Leaders-September-2020.docx.pdf.
- Strokova,V., Madhvani,S., Sharif,I.A., Hassani,U., Yuan, J. ve Buchsbaum, A.F.(2021). The 2021 annual report of the advancing human capital outcomes globally multi-donor trust fund, Umbrella Trust Fund Annual Report, World Bank Group, 1-30.
- Strokova,V., Madhvani,S., Sharif,I.A., Hassani,U. ve Ongsysia,V.A.(2022). Human capital umbrella program annual report 2022 - harnessing catalytic initiatives to accelerate investments in human capital, Umbrella Trust Fund Annual Report, World Bank Group, 1-38.
- Sweetland, S. (1996). Human capital theory: foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66 (3), 341-359.
- World Bank (2018). The human capital project. World Bank Group.
- World Bank (2020). Human capital index, World Bank Group. Erişim:12 Kasım 2023.https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0038030/ DR0046209/hci_data_september_2020.xlsx?versionId=2023-01-22T02:32:49.0336544Z.
- World Bank (2022). Türkiye in transition - next-generation human capital investments for inclusive jobs, Policy Note. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Erişim: 10 Kasım 2023. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099530410272285733/IDU0de 6fadcd0e89b04759098c1029bc0bfa24b5.
- World Bank (2023a). The human capital project: frequently asked questions, World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital/brief/the-human- capital-project-frequently-asked-questions.
- World Bank (2023b). Human capital project. a project for the world, Fact Sheet. World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f18bf9dcc334eb2591e0fc6aa3c50e2c- 0140022023/original/Fact-sheet-HCP-Conclave-Nov-2023.pdf.
- World Bank (2023c). Human capital umbrella program, World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human- capital/publication/human-capital-umbrella-program.
Abstract
Bireylerin sahip olduğu ve ekonomik üretkenliğe katkıda bulunabilecek bilgi, beceri, yetenek ve diğer maddi olmayan varlıklar birikimini ifade eden beşeri sermaye, kuruluşların ve ekonomilerin başarısında çok önemli bir faktördür. Ülkelerin gelişiminde ve kalkınmasında en önemli milli varlıklardan birisi olarak da görülmekte olan beşeri sermaye, sürekli yatırım yapılması ve korunması gereken alanların başında yer almaktadır. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler, imkânları ve vizyonları ölçüsünde beşeri sermayelerine yatırım yapma konusunda çaba göstermekle birlikte, olanaksızlıklar, önceliklerin farklı olması ve karar vericilerin vizyon eksiklikleri gibi nedenlerden dolayı, bu çabaların genellikle arzulanan seviyeye erişmesi mümkün olamamaktadır. Günümüz dünyasında ülkelerin beşeri sermayeleri arasında da ciddi seviyelerde farklılıklar bulunmakta ve bu nedenle uluslararası bazı kuruluşlar beşeri sermayeye yapılan yatırımların arttırılması ve sürdürülebilir olması için inisiyatif alarak dünya ölçeğinde etkili olabileceği düşünülen girişimler başlatmaktadırlar.
Dünya Bankası beşeri sermayenin yüksek önemi nedeniyle, ihtiyacı olan ülkeler için Beşeri Sermaye Projesi ve sonrasında Beşeri Sermaye Şemsiye Programı'nı başlatmış ve beşeri sermayesi zayıf bazı ülkeler için finansal destekçileri vasıtasıyla söz konusu programı hayata geçirmiştir. Dünya Bankası ayrıca beşeri sermayenin ölçülebilirliği için Beşeri Sermaye Endeksi’ni geliştirerek ülkelerin kendi pozisyonlarını değerlendirmelerine olanak sağlamıştır. Şemsiye programı, Bill ve Melinda Gates Vakfı ile Kanada Hükümetinin sağladığı maddi destek kullanılarak hayata geçirilmiş olup, faaliyetleri devam etmektedir.
Bu çalışmada, Dünya Bankası’nın beşeri sermaye kapsamında başlattığı yukarıda anılan proje ve programlar sosyo-ekonomik bakış açısıyla incelemiş ve ülkemizin Dünya Bankası ile yürüttüğü/yürüteceği faaliyetlere şüpheci bir gözle bakılması açısından ülkemizde oluşmuş bilince katkı sağlayabilir düşüncesiyle, Dünya Bankası’nın Şemsiye Programı’na finansal destek verenler ile Dünya Bankası’nın olası gizli ajandaları ve hedeflerine yönelik literatürden derlenen tespitler ve yazarın varsayımlara dayalı bazı çıkarımları paylaşılmıştır.
Thanks
Saygıdeğer Hocalarım, Çalışmalarınızda başarı ve kolaylıklar diler, teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Saygılarımla...
References
- Blunt, D.G.(2022). The Gates foundation, global health and domination: a republican critique of transnational philanthropy, International Affairs, 98 (6), 2039-2056.
- Bretton Woods Project (2019). What are the main criticisms of the World Bank and IMF? , Bretton Woods Project, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06 /Common-Criticisms-FINAL.pdf.
- Dhanani, Q. (2020). The world bank’s human capital project: a case study of agile in action, Boston Consulting Group, Erişim: 11 Kasım 2023. https://www.bcg.com/capabilities/digital-technology-data/world-bank- human-capital-project-agile-in-action.
- Easterlin, R.A. (1981). Why isn't the whole world developed?. The Journal of Economic History, 41(1), 1-17.
- Fix, B. (2018) : The trouble with human capital theory, Real-World Economics Review, World Economics Association, 86, 15-32.
- Gatti, R. ve Mohpal, A. (2019). Investing in human capital: what can we learn from the world bank's portfolio data?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8716, 1-31.
- Goldin, C. (2016). "Human capital" In C. Diebolt, M. Haupert eds, Handbook of Cliometrics, 55-86.
- Harman, S. (2016).The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation and legitimacy in global health governance, Global Governance, 22 (2016), 349–368.
- Herbert, E. B. ve Odeniyi, O. O. (2021). Impact of World Bank-assisted projects on poverty alleviation. Consilience, Erişim:13 Mart 2024, 25, 1–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48679956.
- Horton, R. (2013). Is Bill Gates a trojan horse?, Ethics Beyond Compliance, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://ethicsbeyondcompliance.com/2013/08/
- Huet, N. and Paun, C. (2017). Meet the world’s most powerful doctor: Bill Gates, Politico, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://www.politico.eu/article/bill-gates-who-most-powerful-doctor.
- Hunter, B.M ve Shaffer, J.D. (2022) Human capital, risk and the world bank’s reintermediation in global development, Third World Quarterly, 43(1), 35-54.
- Khaykin, M.M., Lapinskas, A.A. ve Toechkina, O.. (2020). The development of the theory of human capital in the historical dimension, Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics, Management and Technologies 2020, (139), 505-510.
- Lim, S.S., Updike, R.L., Kaldjian, A.S., Barber, R., Cowling, K., York, H.W., Friedman, J., Friedman, J., Xu, R., Whisnant, J.L., Taylor, H.J., Leever, A.T., Román, Y., Bryant, M.F., Dieleman, J.L., Gakidou, E., ve Murray, C.J. (2018). Measuring human capital: a systematic analysis of 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016,The Lancet, 392 (10154), 1217 - 1234.
- Malkan, S. (2023). Critiques of Gates Foundation agricultural interventions in Africa, U.S. Right To Know, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024, https://usrtk.org/bill-gates/critiques-of-gates-foundation. Mincer, J. (1995). Economic development, growth of human capital, and the dynamics of the wage structure, Columbia University and National Bureau of Economic Research. Discussion Paper Series,(744), 1-20.
- SAFCEI (2020). Open letter to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation from the SAFCEI and faith community representatives from the African Continent, The Southern African Faith Communities Environment Institute, Erişim: 13 Mart 2024. https://safcei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Gates-Foundation-appeal-from-SAFCEI-African-faith-Leaders-September-2020.docx.pdf.
- Strokova,V., Madhvani,S., Sharif,I.A., Hassani,U., Yuan, J. ve Buchsbaum, A.F.(2021). The 2021 annual report of the advancing human capital outcomes globally multi-donor trust fund, Umbrella Trust Fund Annual Report, World Bank Group, 1-30.
- Strokova,V., Madhvani,S., Sharif,I.A., Hassani,U. ve Ongsysia,V.A.(2022). Human capital umbrella program annual report 2022 - harnessing catalytic initiatives to accelerate investments in human capital, Umbrella Trust Fund Annual Report, World Bank Group, 1-38.
- Sweetland, S. (1996). Human capital theory: foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66 (3), 341-359.
- World Bank (2018). The human capital project. World Bank Group.
- World Bank (2020). Human capital index, World Bank Group. Erişim:12 Kasım 2023.https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0038030/ DR0046209/hci_data_september_2020.xlsx?versionId=2023-01-22T02:32:49.0336544Z.
- World Bank (2022). Türkiye in transition - next-generation human capital investments for inclusive jobs, Policy Note. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Erişim: 10 Kasım 2023. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099530410272285733/IDU0de 6fadcd0e89b04759098c1029bc0bfa24b5.
- World Bank (2023a). The human capital project: frequently asked questions, World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital/brief/the-human- capital-project-frequently-asked-questions.
- World Bank (2023b). Human capital project. a project for the world, Fact Sheet. World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/f18bf9dcc334eb2591e0fc6aa3c50e2c- 0140022023/original/Fact-sheet-HCP-Conclave-Nov-2023.pdf.
- World Bank (2023c). Human capital umbrella program, World Bank Group. Erişim: 15 Kasım 2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human- capital/publication/human-capital-umbrella-program.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Macroeconomics (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 20, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 13, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | March 16, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 22 Issue: 52 |
Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi 2024 yılının Eylül ayında “Endüstri 4.0 ve Dijitalleşmenin Sosyal Bilimlerde Yansımaları” başlıklı bir özel sayı yayınlayacaktır.
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Biga İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi tarafından 5-6 Temmuz 2024 tarihlerinde çevrimiçi olarak düzenlenecek olan 4. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Konferansı’nda sunum gerçekleştiren yazarların dergi için ücret yatırmasına gerek olmayıp, dekont yerine Konferans Katılım Belgesini sisteme yüklemeleri yeterli olacaktır.
Gönderilen makalelerin derginin yazım kurallarına uygun olması ve DergiPark sistemi üzerinden sisteme yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özel sayı ana başlığı ile ilgisiz makaleler değerlendirmeye alınmayacaktır. Özel sayı için gönderilen makalelerin "Makalemi özel sayıya göndermek istiyorum" kutucuğu işaretlenerek sisteme yüklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özel sayı için gönderilmemiş makalelerin bu sayıya eklenmesi mümkün olmayacaktır.
Özel Sayı Çalışma Takvimi
Gönderim Başlangıcı: 15 Nisan 2024
Son Gönderim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2024
Özel Sayı Yayınlanma Tarihi: Eylül 2024